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Outer space has become an indispensable domain for modern military operations and civilian society alike, rendering space-based assets increasingly attractive targets during armed conflict. While international humanitarian law is generally accepted to apply to hostilities conducted in outer space, significant uncertainty remains regarding its concrete application to non-kinetic anti-satellite (ASAT) operations. These operations, such as cyber interference or electronic warfare, may disable or degrade satellite functionality without producing physical destruction, yet still generate far-reaching effects for civilian populations dependent on its services.

This thesis examines the extent to which IHL regulates non-kinetic ASAT operations during armed conflict. It analyses how the core IHL targeting rules and limitations on means and methods of warfare apply to non-kinetic interference with satellites. Particular attention is given to the threshold of 'attack' under Article 49 of Additional Protocol I, the dual-use character of many space systems, and the challenges of assessing incidental civilian harm resulting from the disruption of essential satellite services.

The thesis further explores the interaction between IHL and international space law, notably the Outer Space Treaty, through the lens of lex specialis and treaty applicability during armed conflict. Drawing on recent doctrinal developments, including the Woomera Manual on the International Law of Military Space Operations, the analysis demonstrates that non-kinetic ASAT operations are not legally unregulated. While existing IHL rules are capable of governing such operations, their application requires effects-based assessments and a broad understanding of civilian harm that accounts for the unique technical and systemic characteristics of the space domain.