This chapter will contribute to the debate on understanding victory and defeat in modern war. Currently, scholars, governments, and international organizations debate how to manage great power competition and non-military warfare However, determining victory and defeat is difficult in ambiguous and long-lasting conflicts or even rivalries. If we do not understand what constitutes victory and defeat in non-military war, we can never properly assess the threat from this type of warfare or properly devise strategies to manage them. Moreover, not recognizing victory or defeat could unnecessarily prolong rivalries and possibly even set the stage for further escalation.