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 This study examines the success factors of the Russian special forces (SF) involved in the annexation of Crimea 2014. The purpose of the study is to explain the success of the Russian special forces by applying Spulak´s Theory of Special Operations. Using a theory-consuming single case study design, the research analyzes how SF contributed to the result on Crimea through the lens of Spulak´s Operational characteristics and strategic applications of SF.

The analysis of the fives operational characteristics “secure access”, “relative superiority”, “unconventional operations”, “integrated operations” and “strategic initiative” concludes that the unconventional operations together with the integrated operations with civilian proxies were essential for the success. The initial infiltration of Crimea was a crucial enabler for the following operation. The actions of the SF were hidden by the political narrative that was created, allowing Russia to maintain the strategic initiative. When Ukraine eventually realized the severity of the situation, the strategic window for counteraction had closed. 

Furthermore, the text has analyzed the use of SF according to Spulak´s “strategic applications of SF” which nuanced the understanding of how SF were used for strategic purposes.