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This describing essay is a text analysis within war science that uses McManus’ theory of leader-specific signals to analyze speeches made by Emmanuel Macron and Olaf Scholz in relation to Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. 

The essay uses a combination of Swedish and English language and researches the question: Which leader-specific signals do Emmanuel Macron and Olaf Scholz convey, during strategic communication regarding the war in Ukraine?

The conclusions of this essay are based on certain terms within war science which are defined within the essay. These conclusions describe and compare similarities, differences and general trends related to the leader-specific signals of Emmanuel Macron and Olaf Scholz.

Conclusion 1: Emmanuel Macron does generally convey more specific leader-specific signals regarding (A) interests, a lack of (E) limits and (F) commitments, in comparison with Olaf Scholz. 

Conclusion 2: Olaf Scholz does generally convey more and clearer / stronger leader-specific signals regarding (C) credibility and (D) endurance, in comparison with Emmanuel Macron. 

Conclusion 3: Both Emmanuel Macron and Olaf Scholz communications have changed over time from signaling deterrence by punishment to signaling deterrence by punishment.

Conclusion 4: Emmanuel Macron and Olaf Scholz convey similar leader-specific signals.