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  • 1.
    Brehmer, Berndt
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Olsson, Sten-Olof
    Försvarsmakten, Markstridsskolan.
    Towards Understanding the Commander´s "Coup d´Oeil". Part 22011In: 16th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposia (ICCRTS).: Collective C2 in Multinational Civil-Military Operations, 2011Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This is the second paper in a series where we try to understand what Clausewitz called the commander’s “coup d’oeil”, i.e., the ability to understand the situation on the battle field at a glance. We employ a standard paradigm from research on expertise where participants study a scenario and then reproduce it from memory. Last year we reported results consistent with other results from studies of expertise, viz., that experts recall meaningful scenarios better than meaningless scenarios whereas novices recall both types of scenarios equally badly. This year, we report four follow-up experiments. The first two study ex-perts’ and novices’ recall of scenarios after having seen how the scenario de-veloped over time and we do so under two conditions, one where the scenario develops violating constraints on how military units should move and one where they do not in an attempt to distinguish between two possible explana-tions for last year’s results: The constraints hypothesis and the pattern match-ing hypothesis. The results show that both experts perform better than novices but that both groups recall scenarios where the development did not violate constraints better than scenarios where the development violated constraints. We interpret these results as support for the constraints hypothesis. In Experi-ments 2 and 3 we vary the time allowed for inspecting static scenarios on the interpretation of these scenarios with both expert and novice participants. The results show that a short time for inspection affects the interpretation by novic-es to a greater extent than it affects the interpretation by experts, as was pre-dicted by Clausewitz. We interpret this to mean that novices and experts achieve their understanding of a military scenario in different ways.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Towards Understanding the Commander´s "Coup d´Oeil". Part 2
  • 2. Fåhraeus, Tonie
    et al.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    The need for information in future wars1998In: Proceedings of the 4th International Command and Control Research & Technology Symposium, 1998Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 3.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Informationslägets betydelse för hantering av osäkerhet vid ledning i NBF2005Report (Other academic)
  • 4.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Kommunikationsmediets betydelse för hantering av osökerhet vid militär planering2008Report (Other academic)
  • 5.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Tidspress och hantering av osäkerhet: Rapport nr 152004Report (Other academic)
  • 6.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Fåhraeus, Tonie
    En befälhavares informationsbehov: Hur välja ut den tillräckligt bra informationen?, Rapport nr 82001Report (Other academic)
  • 7.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Fåhraeus, Tonie
    En befälhavares informationsbehov: Rapport nr 41999Report (Other academic)
  • 8.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Fåhraeus, Tonie
    Forskningsprojektet Informationsbehov i framtida krig: Forskningsrapport 20002001Report (Other academic)
  • 9.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Fåhraeus, Tonie
    Forskningsprojektet Informationsbehov i framtida krig: Forskningsrapport 20012002Report (Other academic)
  • 10.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Fåhraeus, Tonie
    The Commanders Need for Information: Some Experimental Findings2000In: Proceedings of the Defence Human Factors Special Interest Group Meeting, 2000Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 11.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Fåhraeus, Tonie
    The Value of Information in War: Some Experimentel Findings2000In: Proceedings of the 5th International Command and Control Research & Technology Symposium, 2000Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 12.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Fåhraeus, Tonie
    Värdet av att ha begränsad realtidsinformation vid olika nivåer på osäkerhet om läget i stridsrummet: Rapport nr 62000Report (Other academic)
  • 13.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Fåhraeus, Tonie
    Värdet av att ha tempoöverläge vid olika nivåer på osäkerhet om läget i stridsrummet: Rapport nr 52000Report (Other academic)
  • 14.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Fåhraeus, Tonie
    Värdet av informationsöverläge vid olika nivåer på osäkerhet om läget i stridsrummet1999Report (Other academic)
  • 15.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Fåhraeus, Tonie
    Värdet av styrkeöverläge vid olika nivåer på osäkerhet om läget i stridsrummet: Rapport nr 31999Report (Other academic)
  • 16.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Fåhraeus, Tonie
    Sandström, Hans
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Informationsöverläge och val av tempo i striden: Rapport nr 92002Report (Other academic)
  • 17.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Fåhraeus, Tonie
    Sandström, Hans
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Överläge i rörlighet och val av tempo i striden: Rapport nr 102002Report (Other academic)
  • 18.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Sandström, Hans
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Betydelsen av överlägsen sensorräckvidd vid olika nivåer på osäkerhet om läget i stridsrummet: Rapport nr 122003Report (Other academic)
  • 19.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Sandström, Hans
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Hantering av osäkerhet vid militär insatsledning: Slutrapport2008Report (Other academic)
  • 20.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Sandström, Hans
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Kommunikationsmediets betydelse för urval av information vid ledning i NBF2005Report (Other academic)
  • 21.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Sandström, Hans
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Some research results obtained with DKE: A dynamic war-game for experiments2004In: Proceedings of the 9th International Command and Control Research & Technology Symposium, 2004Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 22.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Sandström, Hans
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Urval av information och tempo i striden: Rapport nr 132003Report (Other academic)
  • 23.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Sandström, Hans
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Betydelsen av överlägsen expertis och informationsöverläge för skapande av ledningsöverläge2006Report (Other academic)
  • 24.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Sandström, Hans
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Information och ledningsöverläge: Slutrapport, Rapport nr 172004Report (Other academic)
  • 25.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Sandström, Hans
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rollbaserad lägesbild kontra behovsanpassad lägesbild som stöd för fördelat beslutsfattande2006Report (Other academic)
  • 26.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Sandström, Hans
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rollbaserad lägesbild kontra behovsanpassad lägesbild som stöd för fördelat beslutsfattande (2)2007Report (Other academic)
  • 27.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Sandström, Hans
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Selection of information for command and control2006In: Proceedings from CIMI 2006, 2006Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 28.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Sandström, Hans
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Urval av information för militär ledning: Slutrapport2008Report (Other academic)
  • 29.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Sandström, Hans
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Val av tempo och urval av information för ledning: Rapport nr 162004Report (Other academic)
  • 30.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division. Förvaltningshögskolan, Göteborg universitet.
    Beslut under osäkerhet: En experimentell milkrovärldsstudie av metoder för att hantera osäkerhet vid ledning och beslutsfattande i komplexa och dynamsika miljöer2002Licentiate thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Download full text (pdf)
    Licentiatuppsats
  • 31.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Bättre med färre nivåer?: En litteraturstudie om effekter vid en minskning av antalet ledningsnivåer i det militära ledningssystemet2013Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Denna rapport diskuterar möjliga effekter av att ta bort en ledningsnivå samt hur detta påverkar ledningssystemets förmåga att uppfylla de tre övergripende designkriterierna; förmåga att hantera tidsfaktorn, komplexitet samt friktioner. Diskussionen sker inom ett designvetenskapligt ramverk i form av ett yttre system, ett inre system samt ett gränssnitt. Slutsatsen av diskussionen är att en minsk-ning eller hopslagning av antalet ledningsnivåer skulle ha både positiva och negativa effekter på ledningssystemets förmåga att uppfylla de tre designkriterierna. En minskning av antalet ledningsnivåer skulle kunna ha en viss positiv effekt på förmågan att kunna fatta snabbare beslut, förmågan att kunna erhålla informat-ion snabbare samt förmågan att kunna ominrikta verksamheten, men samtidigt riskerar dessa effekter att motverkas av att mer information måste bearbetas, analyseras och anpassas på de nivåer som blir kvar. Andra negativa effekter kan ses i form av ökat kontrollspann samt större staber med risk för ökad tröghet, ef-tersom allt fler och allt mer differentierade uppgifter med olika perspektiv, komplexitet och målsättningar måste hanteras på de kvarvarande ledningsnivåerna. Sammantaget visar diskussionen att vid en förändring av detta slag så måste vinsterna med att ta bort eller slå ihop ledningsnivåer vägas och balanseras mot förlusterna av en sådan åtgärd.

    Diskussionen i denna rapport är av principiell natur, vilket innebär att vi inte med säkerhet kan uttala oss om hur stora de ovan redovisade effekterna skulle bli av en minskning eller hopslagning av antalet ledningsnivåer på förmågan att uppfylla de tre designkriterierna. För att få kunskap om detta krävs empiriska undersökningar och några sådana finns i dagsläget inte att tillgå. För att åstadkomma sådana skulle en möjlig väg framåt kunna vara att genomföra datorsimuleringar för olika scenarier. Sådana undersökningar behövde dock inte begränsas till att enbart undersöka vad som händer om man tar bort en ledningsnivå, utan istället skulle fokus kunna vara på att undersöka vad som är rätt antal ledningsnivåer för de uppgifter som skall lösas.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Bättre med färre nivåer?
  • 32.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Science of Command and Control and Military Technology Division, Command and Control Section.
    In the face of uncertainty: The effects of presenting increased degrees of imprecise probabilities in risk descriptions in time critical decision-making situations2020In: Proceedings of the 25th International Command and Control Research & Technology Symposium (ICCRTS), 2020Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Effective C2 requires the ability to cope with uncertainty and to make timely decisions in situations often characterised by risk. This experimental study, with 56 participants, investigated how decision-makers handled these problems in a fictive time critical situation. More specifically, the study examined the effects of presenting two different degrees of uncertainty (low/high) on the choice to make a direct decision or to wait for additional information, in order to test if increased degrees of uncertainty lead to more people waiting for information and to longer waiting times. The overall purpose was to contribute to the debate regarding how uncertainty should be communicated to decision-makers, and to our knowledge concerning the practical consequences of presenting uncertainty to decision-makers in time critical situations. The study could not demonstrate any effect of increased degrees of uncertainty on the choice to make a direct decision or to wait for additional information. Neither could the study demonstrate any effect on the waiting time. However, the results show that almost all of the participants in both the experimental and the control group decided to wait for additional information, and that most of them showed little restraint regarding their waiting time. These results strengthen the conclusion from a previous study by Rydmark, Kuylenstierna, and Tehler (2020) - that presenting uncertainty in risk descriptions can be a practical problem in time critical decision-making situations, and that educating decision-makers in handing these problems may be required if uncertainty is to be presented in these kinds of situations.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 33.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Stöd för hantering av antaganden i ledningsprocessen2016In: Operativ ledning: Slutrapport 2013-2015 / [ed] Isabell Andersson, Stockholm: Försvarshögskolan (FHS), 2016Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 34.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Supporting the Assessment of Assumtions in Command and Control2016In: 21th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (ICCRTS): C2 in a Complex Connected Battlespace, International Command and Control Institute , 2016, Vol. Topic 7, article id 028Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Two interconnected challenges in C2 are to cope with uncertainty and to make timely deci-sions. From the standpoint of a commander these challenges may easily come into conflict with each other. Uncertainty, i.e. gaps in knowledge, may be reduced by collecting and processing additional information - but this takes time. To handle this dilemma the com-mander and his/her staff may have to make assumptions. An assumption is "a supposition on the current situation or a presupposition on the future course of events". If the assump-tions being made are invalid it may have negative consequences for the ability to reach the mission objectives. It is therefore important to assess and to follow up the assumptions during mission planning and execution, in order to make it possible for timely re-planning if necessary. However, even though the handling of assumptions is considered to be im-portant in both NATO´s planning directive COPD and in the Swedish counterpart SPL, nei-ther COPD nor SPL gives a clear guidance on how to assess the assumptions - apart from an exhortation to use a risk evaluation template. To date there is no theoretically grounded and systematically tested technique for assessing assumptions in C2. By using a design logic framework and techniques from the area of risk assessment this paper presents the initial step to a possible solution to these problems. The results are a design logic scheme and a design proposition for a technique that is potentially suitable for assessing assump-tions, to be tested in forthcoming empirical studies.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 35.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Science of Command and Control and Military Technology Division, Command and Control Section.
    Till nytta eller skada när klockan tickar?: Om effekter av att presentera osäkerhet i riskbeskrivningar i tidskritiska beslutssituationer2019In: Ledning och samverkan i kris och krig: Slutrapport 2016-2018 / [ed] Schüler, Martin, Stockholm: Försvarshögskolan (FHS), 2019, 1, p. 79-91Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Framgångsrik insatsledning vid kriser och i krigssituationer kräver förmåga att fatta beslut i rätt tid i siutationer som präglas av både osäkerhet, komplexitet samt olika former av risker. Syftet med forskningen i detta delprojekt har varit att öka kunskapen om hur osäkerhet påverkar riskrelaterat beslutsfattande i tidskritiska beslutssituationer. I följande kapitel redogörs för tre empiriska studier som undersöker om metoden att presentera osäkerhet i riskbeskrivningar, genom att använda så kallade sannolikhetsintervaller, kan leda till fördröjningar i beslutsprocessen och därmed utgöra ett problem för ledningsprocessens kvalitet i tidskritiska beslutssituationer.

  • 36.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Hantering av osäkerhet i beslutsprocessen: Rapport nr 142003Report (Other academic)
  • 37.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Årsrapport från delprojektet Ledningskulturer2010Report (Other academic)
  • 38.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Fåhraeus, Tonie
    Fallstudie: Information och tempo i beslutsprocessen, Rapport nr 112002Report (Other academic)
  • 39.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Fåhraeus, Tonie
    Sandström, Hans
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Värdet av överlägsen sensorräckvidd vid olika nivåer på osäkerhet om läget i stridsrummet: Rapport nr 72001Report (Other academic)
  • 40.
    Rydmark, Joacim
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Science of Command and Control and Military Technology Division, Command and Control Section. Division of Risk Management and Societal Safety, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Kuylenstierna, Jan
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Science of Command and Control and Military Technology Division, Command and Control Section.
    Tehler, Henrik
    Division of Risk Management and Societal Safety, Lund University, Lund, (SWE).
    Communicating uncertainty in risk descriptions: the consequences of presenting imprecise probabilities in time critical decision-making situations2021In: Journal of Risk Research, ISSN 1366-9877, E-ISSN 1466-4461, Vol. 24, no 5, p. 629-644Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    One important question concerning a risk description is to what extentit should contain information about the uncertainty surrounding an estimatedprobability for an event, for example, by using some form ofprobability range. Presenting a point estimate together with a rangecan inform the decision-maker about both the best judgement as wellas the strength of knowledge regarding the probability in question, sothat the decision-maker can take this information into considerationwhen making decisions. However, communicating uncertainty in riskdescriptions may lead to delays in the decision-making process, due topeople’s general aversion to ambiguity and other forms of uncertainty.This can be devastating in time critical decision-making situations,where delaying decisions leads to substantial costs or losses - as in thecase of a military command and control (C2) situation or in crisisresponse management (CRM). This study investigated how 106 universitystudents handled a fictive time critical military decision-making situationwith imprecise probabilities presented in the form of ranges. Thepurpose was to make a first estimation regarding if presenting uncertaintyin risk descriptions could be a problem in these kinds of situations.The results show that almost half of the participants delayed theirdecisions and that many participants showed little restraint regardingtheir waiting time. These results indicate that communicating uncertaintyin risk descriptions can be a problem in time critical decisionmakingsituations, and that presenting uncertainty in risk descriptionsmay require decision-makers to be educated in the specific problemsassociated with decision-making in these types of situations.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Rydmark et al - Communicating uncertainty in risk descriptions
  • 41.
    Schüler, Martin
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Stockholm.
    Spak, UlrikSwedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Stockholm.
    Carlerby, Mats (Contributor)
    Swedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Stockholm.
    Granåsen, Magdalena (Contributor)
    Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI), (SWE).
    Rydmark, Joacim (Contributor)
    Swedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Stockholm.
    Spak, Ulrik (Contributor)
    Swedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Stockholm.
    Wikberg, Per (Contributor)
    Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI), (SWE).
    Perspektiv på ledning: Ledning och samverkan i totalförsvaret 2019 - 20212022Collection (editor) (Other academic)
    Download full text (pdf)
    Perspektiv på ledning: Ledning och samverkan i totalförsvaret 2019 - 2021
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