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  • 1.
    Bachmann, Sascha-Dominik (Dov)
    et al.
    Bournemouth University, UK.
    Gunneriusson, Håkan
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Eyes Wide Shut: How Russia’s Hybrid Warfare Exposes and Exploits Western Vulnerabilities2017In: Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, ISSN 1526-0054, E-ISSN 2471-8831, no January 18Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The 2015 Russian National Security Strategy aims to achieve autarky from Western influences on global security, the rule of law, and global trade. By applying a holistic mix of military, political, and economic means to weaken the West, Russia is working hard to strengthen its own role as a global player. Militarily, Russia makes good use of Hybrid War against its Western neighbors, as seen in its intervention in Syria and in its efforts to undermine NATO and the EU.

  • 2.
    Bachmann, Sascha-Dominik Dov
    et al.
    Bournemouth University, UK.
    Gunneriusson, Håkan
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Hybrid Wars: The 21st Century’s New Threats to Global Peace and Security2018In: Civil-Military Cooperation and International Collaboration in Cyber Operations, Dahlonega, Georgia: University of North Georgia Press , 2018, no 1, p. 52-81Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article discusses a new form of war, ‘Hybrid War’, under inclusion of aspects of ‘cyber-terrorism’ and ‘cyber-war’ before the backdrop of Russia’s ‘Ukrainian Spring’ and the continuing threat posed by radical Islamist groups in Africa and the Middle East. It discusses the findings of an on-going Hybrid Threat project by the Swedish National Defence College. This interdisciplinary article predicts that military doctrines, traditional approaches to war and peace and its perceptions will have to change in the future.

  • 3.
    Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Antonina
    et al.
    Stockholm universitet, Stockholm, Sverige.
    Michalski, Anna
    Uppsala universitet, Sverige.
    Nilsson, Niklas
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Oxelheim, Lars
    Agder universitet, Kristianstad, Norge, Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sverige, Lund universitet, Lund, Sverige.
    The EU and the growing number of complex security threats2018In: The European Union: Facing the Challenge of Multiple Security Threats / [ed] Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Anna Michalski, Niklas Nilsson, Lars Oxelheim, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018, p. 1-17Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 4.
    Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Antonina
    et al.
    Stockholm universitet, Stockholm, Sverige.
    Michalski, AnnaUppsala universitet, Uppsala, Sverige.Nilsson, NiklasSwedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.Oxelheim, LarsAgder universitet, Kristianstad, Norge; Rsearch Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sverige; Lund universitet, Lund, Sverige.
    The European Union: Facing the Challenge of Multiple Security Threats2018Collection (editor) (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This book addresses the challenges presented to the EU by an increasingly complex security environment. Through the interdisciplinary approach taken, researchers in economics, law and political science identify a range of problems relating to the multiple security threats that the EU faces, and present new means to address them within their respective fields of expertise. The contributions provide accessible and policy-relevant analyses of crucial challenges to the EU’s ability to function as a political union in the years ahead. 

  • 5.
    Björnehed, Emma
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Maritime Operations Section.
    Weissmann, Mikael
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Praktisk examination och examination av praktik: möjligheter och begränsningar2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Frågan om praktisk examination och hur man kan och bör examinera praktik är någonting som under en längre tid har varit uppe för diskussion på Försvarshögskolan (FHS). Denna artikel syftar till att diskutera möjligheter och begränsningar med praktisk examination. Fokus kommer att vara på utbildningen av officerare inom det ämne författarna verkar – krigsvetenskap. Artikeln tar sig an frågan med utgångspunkt i gällande rättsläge, högskolepedagogisk forskning- och praktik. Det övergripande syftet är att förstå vad man faktiskt får göra, hur det sker rättssäkert och hur det kan göras i praktiken. Artikeln diskuterar även vad som bör examineras praktiskt och hur detta då skall göras.

  • 6.
    Ekholm, Anders
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Re-thinking operational depth—A source of power2021In: Comparative Strategy, ISSN 0149-5933, E-ISSN 1521-0448, Vol. 40, no 4, p. 387-406Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    This article addresses the inferior actor problem of handling a limited physical operational depth in relation to a superior antagonist. It argues that operational depth from an inferior perspective is better viewed as a source of power, a flexible asset constructed from available skills- and resources. It suggests that ambitions to create- or extend an actors operational depth is better approached in abstract terms from the angles: physical-, temporal, and cognitive, whereas the former two offers the more traditional perspectives, while the latter offers an auxiliary approach to better exploit possibilities from an inferior perspective beyond physical space- and resources.

  • 7.
    Elg, Johan
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Effective Learning at the Swedish Defence University: This chapter describes the practical application of Matrix games to higher education in Sweden2018In: The Matrix Games Handbook: Professional Applications from Education to Analysis and Wargaming / [ed] John Curry, Chris Engle and Peter Perla, The History of Wargaming Project , 2018Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This chapter specifically adresses a generally percieved underlying challange of any educational game, namely the issue of educational effectiveness. This question is, however, almost impossible to answer, since it is dependent on context as well as a myriad of variables such as learning objectives, student background and educational theory like belief in active learning. From this perspective, the inclusion of the issue of educational effectiveness in this chapter is thus based on the experience with the game design and subsequent implementation of the two Matrix Games of Bellum Balticia and the Fictive Republic.

  • 8.
    Elg, Johan
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Krigsspel som metod2018In: Militära arbetsmetoder: En lärobok i krigsvetenskap / [ed] Peter Thunholm, Jerker Widén och Niklas Wikström, Universus Academic Press , 2018, p. 255-294Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 9.
    Elg, Johan
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section. King's College London.
    Wargaming in Military Education for Army Officers and Officer Cadets2017Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Wargaming has been part of military curricula for about 200 years since the introduction of Kriegsspiel, but it is still something of an art form. This thesis attempts to theorise the practice of military educational wargaming, and specifically to explore why such wargaming takes the form it does.

    The thesis is limited to army educational wargaming for officers and officer cadets. Wargaming for analytical purposes, and political and strategic gaming, are excluded.  Instead, the focus is on army educational wargaming at the tactical level, which is arguably more comparable between countries. The research method combines an exploratory approach influenced by grounded theory with a comparative case study approach encompassing three successive levels of army officer education in five countries: Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States and Japan.

    The research indicates the central importance of individual game directors. This is particularly evident when wargaming forms evolve. The main concern of the individual game director is how to achieve instructor buy-in. This core category encompasses control, credibility and comfort. Three methods, or strategies, were discovered regarding how to achieve instructor buy-in. Those three strategies are: innovative active learning, simple standardising and control & veiling. This discovery contributes to new substantive theory, as it explains how specific army educational wargaming forms commence, evolve and are discontinued.

  • 10.
    Elin, Norrman
    et al.
    Swedish Armed Forces (SWE).
    Weissmann, Mikael
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Military Strategic Communication at the Tactical Level in Counterinsurgency Operations: The case of Sweden in Afghanistan2020In: Kungl Krigsvetenskapsakademiens Handlingar och Tidskrift, ISSN 0023-5369, no 3, p. 19-47Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article will investigate the implementation of strategic communication at the lower segment of the military hierarchy in counter-insurgency (COIN) operations. It focuses primarily on the experiences of communicating strategically at the tactical level in manoeuvre forces, using Sweden in Afghanistan as a case study. Findings reveal that the tactical level often distances itself from the communicator tasks, arguing that this belongs to other units or personnel. However, the tactical level also pinpoints the vital role they play in shaping attitudes and beliefs in the area of operations. The results thus indicate a type of cognitive split in the perception of the communicator role among the manoeuvre forces. Furthermore, the study reveals several obstacles in effectively executing strategic communication in the military domain. The most prominent areas are contradictions in messages due to force-protection measures and lack of synchronization.

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  • 11.
    Gunneriusson, Håkan
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Book review of Nationalizing the past: Historians as nation builders in modern Europe2016In: Historisk Tidskrift, ISSN 0345-469X, E-ISSN 2002-4827, Vol. 136, no 2, p. 260-265Article, book review (Other academic)
  • 12.
    Gunneriusson, Håkan
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Book review of  År noll: Historien om 19452016In: Historisk Tidskrift, ISSN 0345-469X, E-ISSN 2002-4827, Vol. 136, no 4, p. 744-746Article, book review (Other academic)
  • 13.
    Gunneriusson, Håkan
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Bordieuan Field Theory as an Instrument for Military Operational Analysis2017 (ed. 1)Book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This book uses Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory as a lens through which to examine military operations. Novel in its approach, this innovative text provides a better, more nuanced understanding of the modern ‘battlespace’, particularly in instances of prolonged low-intensity conflict. Formed in two parts, this book primarily explores the scope of Bourdien theory before secondly providing a detailed case study of the Yugoslavian succession war of 1990-1992. Gunneriusson suggests that although theories do not necessarily provide answers, they do help us ask better questions. This volume suggests news lines of interdisciplinary investigation that will be of interest to members of armed forces, practitioners from NGOs, and policymakers.

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  • 14.
    Gunneriusson, Håkan
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Fältanalys och fältövningar2018In: Militära Arbetsmetoder: lärobok i krigsvetenskap / [ed] Thunholm, Peter; Widén, Jerker; Wikström, Niklas, Malmö: Universus Academic press , 2018, p. 313-329Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Utgångsläget för texten är att terräng är en viktig del av fältövningar och att terrängen kan ses från olika perspektiv. Syftet med föreliggande text är att visa på att den för krigföring så viktiga terrängen kan problematiseras och teoretiseras för att ge fruktbara idéer på dess användande, dess natur men också analys av den.

  • 15.
    Gunneriusson, Håkan
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Bachmann, Sascha Dov
    Bournemouth University, United Kingdom.
    Western Denial and Russian Control: How Russia’s National Security Strategy Threatens a Western-Based Approach to Global Security, the Rule of Law and Globalization2017In: Polish Political Science Yearbook, ISSN 0208-7375, Vol. 46, no 1, p. 9-29Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Russian National Security Strategy of 2015 aims at achieving autarky from Western influences on global security, the rule of law and global trade. Russia aims at attaining this by applying a holistic mix of military, political and economic means to weaken the West and to strengthen its own role as a global player. The Russian approach builds on a strategy of reflexive control which as such is an old method, but the outcome of the application of this approach results in hybrid warfare which as such is a new emerging concept of warfighting. This short article looks at one particular aspect of this Russian strategy, namely using Hybrid, or non-linear, Warfare against its Western direct neighbours in particular and the West in general. We will discuss the underlying cultural logic in Russia’s actions and will reflect on the impact of Russia’s utilization of the existing cultural asymmetry as a form of warfare in regard to the West. The examples used in this text are taken from the context of the conflicts of Ukraine and Syria, but have to be seen as constituting a part of an on-going global conflict aimed at NATO and the EU. The text builds on years of research within the hybrid threat, warfare respectively, context by both authors.

  • 16.
    Gunneriusson, Håkan
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Lindahl, Per
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Defensiven: begrepp och doktrinbakgrund2018In: Tankar om defensiven / [ed] Tommy Jeppsson, Stockholm: Kungl. Krigsvetenskapsakademien , 2018, Vol. Bihäfte, p. 32-55Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I DENNA ARTIKEL kommer defensiven att belysas utifrån två olika perspektiv och genom två historiska exempel tagna från första respektive andra världskriget. Inledningsvis betraktas defensiven utifrån försvararen perspektiv och med ett exempel från Estland (Narva) 1944. Efter en historik bakgrundsbeskrivning, där bl a doktrinutvecklingen beskrivs, följer ett avsnitt avseende doktrin- och reglementsjämförelse mellan dåtida tyska och nutida svenska reglementen. Vi har i den delen valt att som metod söka efter vissa militärteoretiska indikatorer – fyra typiska begrepp inom defensiv och offensiv strid – för att diskutera likheter och olikheter mellan dåtid och nutid. De fyra valda begreppen är eldens (verkans) betydelse, terrängens betydelse, djupets betydelse och slutligen reservernas betydelse. Jämförelsen appliceras sedan på det taktiska exemplet innan denna del avslutas med en kort sammanfattning.

  • 17.
    Göransson, Markus
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    The Interview as a Cultural Performance and the Value of Surrendering Control2020In: Doing Fieldwork in Areas of International Intervention: A Guide to Research in Violent and Closed Contexts / [ed] Berit Bliesemann de Guevara and Morten Bøås, Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press , 2020, p. 49-60Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 18.
    Göransson, Markus
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Understanding Russian thinking on gibridnaya voyna.2021In: Hybrid warfare: security and asymmetric conflict in international relations / [ed] Mikael Weissmann, Niklas Nilsson, Björn Palmertz & Per Thunholm, London, New York, Oxford, New Dehli, Sydney: I.B. Tauris, 2021, p. 83-94Chapter in book (Refereed)
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  • 19.
    Göransson, Markus Balázs
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section. House of Innovation, Stockholm School of Economics, (SWE).
    Hultin, Lotta
    House of Innovation, Stockholm School of Economics, (SWE).
    Mähring, Magnus
    Stockholm School of Economics, House of Innovation and Swedish Center for Digital Innovation, Stockholm, (SWE).
    ‘The phone means everything.’: Mobile phones, livelihoods and social capital among Syrian refugees in informal tented settlements in Lebanon2020In: Migration and Development, ISSN 2163-2324, Vol. 9, no 3, p. 331-351Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study explores the role of mobile phones in livelihood creation among Syrian refugees in informal tented settlements in Akkar Governorate and the Bekaa Valley in Lebanon. Drawing on forty-five interviews with Syrian refugees and ten interviews with aid workers, the study highlights the importance of mobile phones in reviving, maintaining and leveraging social capital for the purpose of securing livelihoods in a context of precarity and restricted movement. We find that mobile phones offer important means for reviving social networks in exile, managing supportive relationships that have been established in Lebanon and liaising with employers. As such, they constitute important tools for coping with a context shaped by legal exclusion, restricted movement, police harassment, decentralised aid provision and a geographical dispersal of support networks, even as they remain a costly investment with uncertain returns.

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  • 20.
    Hagström, Linus
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Political Science Section. The Swedish Institute of International Affairs.
    Weissmann, Mikael
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section. The Swedish Institute of International Affairs.
    Hanssen, Ulv
    The Swedish Institute of International Affairs.
    Allt bör göras för att bygga relationer med Nordkorea2017In: Dagens Nyheter, ISSN 1101-2447Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 21.
    Hanssen, Ulv
    et al.
    Japaninstitutet, Handelshögskolan, Stockholm, Sverige; FU Berlin.
    Hagström, Linus
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Political Science Section.
    Weissmann, Mikael
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Tøffere press og sanksjoner mot Nord-Korea er ineffektivt og kanskje også kontraproduktivt2017In: Verdens gang, ISSN 0806-0894, article id 9 oktoberArticle in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 22.
    Hickman, Karl
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Weissmann, MikaelSwedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.Nilsson, NiklasSwedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.Bachman, Sascha-DominikBournemouth University.Gunneriusson, HåkanSwedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.Thunholm, PerSwedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), CATS (Center for Asymmetric Threat Studies).
    Hybrid Threats and Asymmetric Warfare: What to do?2018Conference proceedings (editor) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The international security environment has seemingly departed from a post-cold war period of everlasting peace and has instead evolved into a volatile and increasingly grey area of war and peace. Security challenges arising from both hybrid wars and hybrid threats are high on security agendas in Sweden and Europe as well as internationally. However, despite the attention there is a lack of research that addresses how such “new” wars and threats should be handled. While studies do exist on specific issues, a comprehensive approach to how hybrid wars and threats are to be handled is still lacking. This is particularly the case when it comes to the sharing of experiences between states. This workshop constituted a first step towards developing such a comprehensive approach.

    The workshop’s aim was to be a bridge across disciplinary boundaries as well as between researchers and practitioners within and outside Sweden; integrating each group’s extensive experiences and knowledge into a coherent whole. Besides producing and disseminating new knowledge, the intention of the workshop was to establish a foundation for long-term collaboration; the first step in the creation of a European Network on Hybrid Warfare Capabilities that can work across borders and link state of the art of research and practice.

    Although mainly a scientific workshop, a number of practitioners were invited, with a mix of presentations by academics and practitioners. This was intended to foster innovative and reflective discussions across the academic-practitioner divide. The workshop also aimed to develop new ideas associated with hybrid threats/warfare in order to facilitate future cooperation

    These proceedings include a summary of the key points made by the presenters, along with conclusions and policy recommendations derived from the ensuing discussions. Conference programme and a list of abstracts for the papers and presentations can be found in the appendix.

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  • 23.
    Hultin, Lotta
    et al.
    Stockholm School of Economics, (SWE).
    Introna, Lucas D.
    Lancaster University Management School, (GBR).
    Balázs Göransson, Markus
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Mähring, Magnus
    Stockholm School of Economics, (SWE).
    Precarity, Hospitality, and the Becoming of a Subject That Matters: A Study of Syrian Refugees in Lebanese Tented Settlements2022In: Organization Studies, ISSN 0170-8406, E-ISSN 1741-3044, Vol. 43, no 5, p. 669-697Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    How is it possible to gain a sense that you have a voice and that your life matters when you have lost everything and live your life as a ‘displaced person’ in extreme precarity? We explore this question by examining the mundane everyday organizing practices of Syrian refugees living in tented settlements in Lebanon. Contrasting traditional empirical settings within organization studies where an already placed and mattering subject can be assumed, our context provides an opportunity to reveal how relations of recognition and mattering become constituted, and how subjects in precarious settings become enacted as such. Specifically, drawing on theories on the relational enactment of self and other, we show how material-discursive boundary-making and invitational practices – organizing a home, cooking and eating, and organizing a digital ‘home’ – function to enact relational host/guest subject positions. We also disclose how these guest/host relationalities create the conditions of possibility for the enactment of a subject that matters, and for the despair enacted in everyday precarious life to transform into ‘undefeated despair’.

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  • 24.
    Högström, Ulf
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Baudin, Arne
    Pensionerad från Försvarsmakten, Sverige..
    Fältövning: steget mellan tanke handling2018In: Militära Arbetsmetoder: Lärobok i krigsvetenskap / [ed] Peter Thunholm; Jerker Widén; Niklas Wikström, Malmö: Universus Academic press , 2018, p. 295-309Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Det finns ett antal pedagogiska koncept inom den militära professionen[1], vilka använts under lång tid (ca 200 år). Dessa baseras på beprövad erfarenhet[2]  där all slags erfarenheter tagits tillvara, inklusive vetenskap, tester och försök. Professionen har funnit dessa vara effektiva, vilket innebär att de är under ständigt användande och ständig utveckling. Framträdande koncept är applikatoriska exempel (applex), krigsspel, fältövningar och stabstjänstövningar vilka även kan kombineras med varandra och användas på ett flexibelt sätt utifrån syftet och målsättningen med verksamheten. Alla dessa koncept genomförs på olika sätt. De har utvecklats och gått i arv inom institutionerna i den militära professionen. Självklart används även andra koncept inom den militära utbildningen såsom lektioner, föreläsningar och litteraturstudier av militärhistoria, teknik, militärteori och inte minst ledarskap. Det militära yrket kan av lättförklarliga skäl sällan utövas i sitt mest extrema sammanhang. Den enskilde militären utövar sällan eller aldrig sitt yrkes våldsinslag i full skala. Således krävs det metoder för att kunna uppleva verklighetens vingslag i olika miljöer och sammanhang så nära som möjligt. Fältövning är en av dessa som syftar till att åstadkomma detta och denna militära metod har använts sedan tidigt 1800-tal.[3]

    Fältövning, krigsspel och applikatoriska exempel är alla koncept att simulera, förbereda och träna militär personal utan onödig blodspillan och skador. Fältövningar syftar till att krigsplanlägga, testa planer, utveckla taktik och stridsteknik och till att utbilda inom taktik och operationskonst.  Fältövning och krigsspel baseras på någon form av scenario (fiktivt eller verkligt) och är nära besläktade med varandra eftersom fältövning kan genomföras som ett krigsspel i terrängen. Att kunna skapa, planera och leda genomförandet av fältövningar är en viktig del av den militära professionen.

    [1] Brehmer Bernt, Från Yrke till profession, Försvarshögskolan 2011, sid 19. Bremer påpekar bl. a ”officersprofessionen har en kärna som gör den unik, nämligen att på legala grunder utöva våld till landets försvar grundat på förmågan att leda väpnad strid”.

    [2] Brehmer Bernt, Från Yrke till profession, Försvarshögskolan 2011, sid 23-32, angående beprövad erfarenhet i en profession av karaktär officersyrket; bl.a. att det i beprövad erfarenhet ingår all slags erfarenhet, relevant vetenskap, tester och försök. Vidare att den är formulerad och värderad, är under ständig prövning och har legal status bl.a. genom gällande reglementen och doktriner.

    [3]  I Allgeheime Kriegsschule i Berlin gjorde sig slagfältsexkursioner (i dag fältövningar) mer och mer gällande, från 1827/1828. Denna preussiska pedagogik kopierades i andra länder och blev en viktig del av den klassiska militära skoltraditionen. Hämtat från internt pm vid FHS 2006-05-16, av professor Kent Zetterberg och Gunnar Åselius. Framgår även i Artikel, The modern model of the battlefield tour and staff ride, Defence Studies ,Vol. 5, No 1, David Ian Hall,  King`s College, 2005.

  • 25.
    Högström, Ulf
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Wistedt, Erik
    Försvarets Materielverk (FMV), Sverige.
    Progression vid utbildning i markoperationer och taktik2018In: Tankar om Defensiven / [ed] Tommy Jeppsson, Stockholm: Kungl. Krigsvetenskapsakademien och Försvarshögskolan , 2018, p. 56-65Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this article is to discuss the education and training of army officer’s cadets at the Swedish Defense University. During the resent year, the training program has gone through a larger development. Education in tactics and war science has changed. The discussion focuses on requirements concerning tactical objectives, tactical knowledge, tactical methods, military capability and ability to evaluate land operations. We also present our opinion on the army cadet’s tactical progression.

     

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  • 26.
    Nilsson, Niklas
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Between Russia’s ‘Hybrid’ strategy and Western Ambiguity: Assessing Georgia’s Vulnerabilities2021In: Journal of Slavic Military Studies, ISSN 1351-8046, E-ISSN 1556-3006, Vol. 34, no 1, p. 50-68Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Russia’s ‘hybrid’ strategy vis-à-vis neighboring countries highlights the importance of a comprehensive understanding of Russian methods of influence and how these approaches target domestic as well as external vulnerabilities in target states. This article examines the various resources that Russia deploys against Georgia in terms of military, economic, political/subversive and informational resources, displaying how material sources of power are reinforced through an anti-Western narrative, seeking to discredit the country’s integration within NATO and the EU.The article concludes that the current attention to narrative promotion in research on Russian foreign policy risks diverting attention from addressing strategic vulnerabilities, represented in this case by the West’s ambiguous strategy toward Georgia and other states in the EU’s Eastern neighborhood.

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  • 27.
    Nilsson, Niklas
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    De-hybridization and conflict narration: Ukraine’s defence against Russian hybrid warfare2021In: Hybrid Warfare: Security and Asymmetric Conflict in International Relations / [ed] Mikael Weissmann, Niklas Nilsson, Björn Palmertz, Per Thunholm, London: I.B. Tauris, 2021, p. 214-231Chapter in book (Refereed)
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    De-Hybridization and Conflict Narration: Ukraine's Defence against Russian Hybrid Warfare
  • 28.
    Nilsson, Niklas
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Land operations and competing perspectives on warfare2021In: Comparative Strategy, ISSN 0149-5933, E-ISSN 1521-0448, Vol. 40, no 4, p. 372-386Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article examines the relationship between different conceptualizations of the character of war and the role of land operations and tactics. Cold-War era expectations for a conventional war against a high-technological peer adversary, Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), “New Wars” theory, Counterinsurgency (COIN) and Hybrid Warfare all denote different implications for the role and relevance of land forces. While Europe’s increasingly uncertain and unpredictable security environment in recent years has validated the continued relevance of conventional land operations, research in this area should encourage more integrative and cumulative research on future warfare and the potential of land forces.

  • 29.
    Nilsson, Niklas
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Mission Command in a Modern Military Context2021In: Journal of Baltic Security, ISSN 2382-9222, Vol. 7, no 1, p. 5-15Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The development of capabilities for national defence among land forces in the Baltic region underscoresthe need for mission command as a guiding principle of leadership and command. However, the practice of missioncommand in the contemporary military context is far from straightforward. This article presents the results of a surveyconducted with Swedish Army officers, examining their perspectives on positive as well as negative influences ontheir ability to utilize mission in their contemporary working environment. While mission command is envisioned tobecome increasingly important in the future, several obstacles are identified to its utilization and development.

  • 30.
    Nilsson, Niklas
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Practicing mission command for future battlefield challenges: the case of the Swedish army2020In: Defence Studies, ISSN 1470-2436, E-ISSN 1743-9698, Vol. 20, no 4, p. 436-452Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As armies across Europe are currently developing capabilities to fight a high-intensity conventional war against a peer adversary, these armies will have to develop units that can fight independently in a complex environment, with limited direction from higher levels of command. Integral to this process is the need for a competent practice of mission command, viewed as a key component of maneuver warfare. The article identifies a set of enablers that need to be present in a military organization in order to practice mission command efficiently, including shared understanding and trust; initiative; a tolerant approach to failure, success, and learning; and the acceptance of mission command as an all-encompassing practice. The article then presents data from interviews with Swedish army officers focusing on the presence and significance of these enablers in their professional context. The article concludes that the increasing complexity of the peacetime tasks performed by military officers give rise to conflicting leadership demands. Consequently, exercising mission command and socializing younger colleagues into the practice is a far from straightforward process, which frequently competes with other demands placed on officers by their colleagues, the organization that they are part of, or the broader societal context.

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  • 31.
    Nilsson, Niklas
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, War Studies Division, Sektionen för markoperationer (KV Mark). Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Role Conceptions, Crises, and Georgia's Foreign Policy2019In: Cooperation and Conflict, ISSN 0010-8367, E-ISSN 1460-3691, ISSN 0010-8367, Vol. 54, no 4, p. 445-465Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article explores the scope conditions of national role conceptions as reference points for foreign policy decision making during crises. It aims to contribute to a refined perspective of the agency of new states undergoing socialization processes in relations with significant others. Drawing on a primary material consisting of interviews with Georgian and US officials, the article analyzes the significance of Georgia’s role conceptions in the country’s relations with the USA in relation to two major crises: the 2007 riots in Tbilisi and the 2008 war with Russia. The article posits that crises provide situational circumstances where the requirements of appropriate behavior associated with role expectations may enter into conflict with the demands of the immediate situation. In order to resolve ensuing role conflicts, actors face the need to both rationalize role expectations, and to compensate for departures from them. In turn, these strategies relate to the possibility for change and stability in role conceptions, and by extension their enactment in foreign policy. The analysis of the Georgian government’s management of the two crises demonstrates actions that implied both rationalization and compensation, aiming to retain the credibility of its existing role conceptions in the eyes of its US counterparts.

  • 32.
    Nilsson, Niklas
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Russian Hybrid Tactics in Georgia2018Report (Other academic)
  • 33.
    Nilsson, Niklas
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section. Institutet för säkerhets- och utvecklingspolitik.
    Så här bedriver Ryssland hybridkrigföring mot Georgien2018In: Svenska Dagbladet, ISSN 1101-2412, no 6 februariArticle in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 34.
    Nilsson, Niklas
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, War Studies Division, Sektionen för markoperationer (KV Mark). Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Michalski, Anna
    Department of Government, Uppsala University.
    Resistant to Change? The EU as a Normative Power and Its Troubled Relations with Russia and China2018In: Foreign Policy Analysis, ISSN 1743-8586, E-ISSN 1743-8594Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this article, we investigate the European Union's (EU) role as a normative foreign policy actor and its troubled relations to Russia and China. We contend that the lack of preparedness of the EU to foresee the increasingly tense relations with these countries can be explained through a role theoretical perspective. We show that the attachment of the EU to its role as a normative international actor reduced its awareness of Russia's and China's growing refusal to accept the EU's ambition to diffuse liberal norms and principles. The EU's inability to read the changing role expectations of China and Russia hampered the shaping of an appropriate foreign policy leading up the diplomatic crises with these two countries in the late 2000s and early 2010s, respectively. Theoretically, the findings contribute with a novel understanding of role conceptions in terms of reducing an actor's preparedness to acknowledge changes to its international role position caused by challenges raised by antagonistic partners.

  • 35.
    Nilsson, Niklas
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Weissmann, Mikael
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Palmertz, Björn
    Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap (MSB), (SWE).
    Thunholm, Per
    Swedish Defence University, Centre for Societal Security, CATS (Center for Asymmetric Threat Studies).
    Häggström, Henrik
    Swedish Defence University, Centre for Societal Security, CATS (Center for Asymmetric Threat Studies).
    Security challenges in the grey zone: Hybrid threats and hybrid warfare2021In: Hybrid Warfare: Security and Asymmetric Conflict in International Relations / [ed] Mikael Weissmann, Niklas Nilsson, Björn Palmertz, Per Thunholm, London: I.B. Tauris, 2021, p. 1-18Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The international security environment has in recent years evolved into a volatile and increasingly grey zone of war and peace. Security challenges arising from hybrid threats and hybrid warfare, henceforth HT&HW, are today high on security agendas across the globe. However, despite the attention, and a growing body of studies on specific issues, there is an imminent need for research bringing attention to how these challenges can be addressed in order to develop a comprehensive approach towards identifying, analysing and countering HT&HW. This volume supports the development of such an approach by bringing together practitioners and scholarly perspectives on HT&HW, by covering the threats themselves as well as the tools and means to counter them together with a number of real-world case studies.

    Over time the grey zone between peace and war has grown considerably, underscoring the necessity of understanding hybrid warfare and related threats. Russia’s actions in Ukraine have manifested this paradigm, being a good example of the problem in thinking about war and peace as binary categories. How does a country or group of countries deal with threats and aggression in this grey area, such as ‘little green men’ that appear in uniform but without national denomination and refuse to tell where they come from, election-influenced operations or cyberattacks, to mention but a few possible actions.

    By uniting the knowledge of both practitioners and scholars, the volume aims to identify the existing tools for countering HT&HW, as well as experiences from a wide set of empirical contexts. Mirroring this, the project is a cross-sector collaboration between the Department of Military Studies and the Center for Asymmetric Threat Studies (CATS) at the Swedish Defence University. The former represents an academic environment where research and teaching are intertwined in a range of subjects including War Studies, Military Technology and Military History. The latter is a national centre within the Swedish Defence University tasked with developing and disseminating knowledge about asymmetric threats within the context of societal security and resilience.

    This volume focuses on the challenge posed by HT&HW to Western democracies, and their ability to address it. Western democracies are not only the type of states most frequently targeted by hybrid measures, but also the most vulnerable. By virtue of being open, pluralistic and liberal societies with freedom of the press and rule of law, Western democracies display both inherent weaknesses that can be targeted and inherent constraints – in particular through the rule of law and basic freedoms – that limit the scope for defensive actions. These vulnerabilities are increasingly recognized by Western governments, which have developed a range of entities to address them, although coordination in many instances remains weak. The later sections outline the growing significance of HT&HW on the security agendas of Western democracies and the challenges they imply, as well as the entities these states have established in response. Although neither list is complete, they provide an overview of the current situation. The final sections provide an outline of the volume’s structure and a summary of each chapter.

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    Security challenges in the grey zone
  • 36.
    Nordin, Astrid
    et al.
    Swedish Institute of International Affairs.
    Weissmann, Mikael
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section. Swedish Institute of International Affairs.
    Will Trump make China great again?: The belt and road initiative and international order2018In: International Affairs, ISSN 0020-5850, E-ISSN 1468-2346, Vol. 94, no 2, p. 231-249Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Under President Xi Jinping's leadership, Chinese foreign relations have moved from keeping a low profile, to a more assertive bid for international leadership that is beginning to take form in the ‘belt and road initiative’ (BRI). This initiative focuses on connectivity in policy coordination, facilities, trade, finance and people-to-people relations, in order to connect China to key parts of Asia, the south Pacific, east Africa and Europe. Networked capitalism and the national unit, which are often seen as spatial opposites in the global political economy, are both exercised through the BRI in mutually supporting ways. Networked capitalism is not challenging the national spatial unit, nor vice versa. Rather, they conglomerate to reinforce Chinese government narratives which portray China as the new trailblazer of global capitalism—thus illustrating and justifying a new Sinocentric order in east Asia. Likely winners of this constellation, if it is successful, are megalopolises in Eurasia, and most of all the Chinese Communist Party. Likely losers are countries that are not included in the BRI, most notably the United States. In a context where President Donald Trump is signalling a more protectionist stance and the United States is withdrawing from free trade pacts like the Trans-Pacific Partnership, Trump may ironically enable Xi's dream of making China great again.

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  • 37.
    Plöen, Carl
    et al.
    Försvarsmakten (SWE).
    Göransson, Markus
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Förändring och kontinuitet i rysk militär vilseledning: En jämförande studie av Afghanistan 1979 och Krim 20142021In: Kungl Krigsvetenskapsakademiens Handlingar och Tidskrift, ISSN 0023-5369, no 2, p. 58-77Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article compares the use of maskirovka (the Soviet and Russian art of deception) in two Moscow-led military operations: the seizure of Kabul in 1979 and the occupation of Crimea in 2014. It does so using a framework derived from Barton Whaley’s writings on military de-ception, which offers a useful heuristic for cross-space and cross-time comparisons. The aim is to contribute empirically to the broader discussion about continuity and change in Russianwarfare since the collapse of the Soviet Union. The article argues that deception was used in both operations to support the military seizure of territory. That is to say, it was not used to bring about a system collapse through non-military means in the Crimea; rather, deception was an auxiliary to military action in both operations. The main observed difference between the two cases consisted in the more gradual and composite use of deceptive measures in the Crimea compared to in Afghanistan. In the Crimea, Russia was able to maintain an aura of uncertainty around its intent and the presence of its troops even as information about the reality of the situation began to filter through. In Afghanistan, the mask of deception all but vanished when it became known that the forces attacking the Taj Beg palace were Soviet.

  • 38.
    Sandman, Tua
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    How violence dis/appears in narratives on war-like operations: A conceptual framework2021In: Critical Military Studies, ISSN 2333-7486, E-ISSN 2333-7494Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The present article advances a conceptual framework for the critical study of the representation of war and military violence. Essentially, it offers a conceptualization of dis/appearances of violence in public discourse, which combines the concepts of in/visibilization, de/naturalization, and dis/identification. Though they overlap and interweave in terms of what they capture, all three are considered relevant to fully elaborate how violence may dis/appear in narratives on war-like operations. Furthermore, the article exemplifies how one may make use of the conceptual framework, by exploring the representation of violence in Swedish public political debate at the time of active engagement in peace-enforcement and offensive military operations. More specifically, the empirical illustration critically examines the parliamentary debates on ONUC in Congo 1960-1964 and ISAF in Afghanistan 2002-2014. The analysis reveals and details how violence continuously tends to disappear as a reality, as a dilemma and/or as Sweden's own practice and choice. At present, the scholarly debate mainly focuses on the US or the UK. To advance our understanding of the ways in which violence is normalized and made possible, we need refined conceptual tools that allow us to explore the complexity and political work of representations of war and violence in various contexts. 

  • 39.
    Thunholm, Peter
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division.
    Henåker, Lars
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    A tentative model on effective army combat tactics2020In: Comparative Strategy, ISSN 0149-5933, E-ISSN 1521-0448, ISSN 0149-5933, Vol. 39, no 5, p. 490-504Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study is to form a model on effective tactics. We selected five theorists, three of which also provided support from quantitative analysis on winning battles. The theorists all advocate the use of maneuver warfare, developed from the German WWII-approach.[1] The analysis indicates the importance of accomplishing a sequence in battle of surprise attacks, followed by shock action, and prompt exploitation in order to accomplish an organizational breakdown of enemy force. Tactical defeat is foremost a result of psychological reactions by the enemy rather than from physical destruction by superior material resources at the point of assault.German WW II approach covering both the tactical and operational level of German ground warfighting until 1945. This is still the theoretical bas in maneuver warfare including features such as mission-type orders (Auftragstaktik), decisive point, centre of gravity (Schwerpunkt) and intent (Absicht). We have pointed out important parts from the German WWII warfare (mechanized) style in a model, although not flawless, in our discussion on victory in battle.

  • 40.
    Wawrzeniuk, Piotr
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Joint Warfare Division, Military History Section.
    Göransson, Markus
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Visions of Future Warfare in Russian Military Publications2021In: Journal on Baltic Security, ISSN 2382-9222, Vol. 7, no 2, p. 27-37Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The article discusses visions of future warfare articulated in recent Russian military publications. There seems to be agreement among Russian scholars that future war will be triggered by Western attempts to promote Western political and economic interests while holding back Russia's resurgence as a global power. The future war with the West is viewed as inevitable in one form or another, whether it is subversion and local wars or large-scale conventional war. While the danger of conventional war has declined, according to several scholars, the West is understood to have a wide range of non-kinetic means at its disposal that threaten Russia. In order to withstand future dangers, Russia has to be able to meet a large number of kinetic and non-kinetic threats at home and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

  • 41.
    Weissmann, Mikael
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Building Peace and Prosperity: The Role of Elite Networks in ASEAN and Beyond2020Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report explores how elite networks among ASEAN countries can contribute to peace and prosperity in the region. Indeed, the building of cross-border elite networks is particularly relevant today given the heightened tension in the region and beyond caused by the ongoing power shift from the West to the East, and from the United States and Japan to China. In fact, with today’s new challenges such as the Sino-US trade war and the ongoing pandemic, it is particularly important to ensure both formal and informal elite interactions among ASEAN members and with the broader Asia-Pacific region, as they can often work as “normal” even during uncertain times.

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    PR200730_Building-Peace-and-Prosperity_WEISSMANN
  • 42.
    Weissmann, Mikael
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section. Swedish Institute of International Affairs (UI).
    Capturing Power Shift in East Asia: Toward an Analytical Framework for Understanding “Soft Power”2020In: Asian Perspective, ISSN 0258-9184, E-ISSN 2288-2871, Vol. 44, no 3, p. 353-382Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mainstream International Relations (IR) theory has problems fully accounting for the regional dynamics of East Asia. This article explores whether the pursuit of soft power—a concept that has been given a prominent position in research on East Asian IR—can provide one piece of the puzzle for understanding East Asia’s regional dynamics. This article proposes an analytical framework for analyzing soft power that problematizes the rigid soft power/hard power binary. The framework proposes a way to understand soft power and the hard-soft spectrum of behavior that allows for the inclusion of economic power while still drawing a line between hard and soft power, where not all economic power is soft, but nor is it all hard. It is argued that to keep the concept of soft power relevant in the East Asian context economic power needs to be included. The line is drawn between economic coercion and economic inducement, arguing that when induced there is still a certain level of freedom as one can choose whether the payments or bribes offered are good enough for it to be worthwhile to change one’s preference and behavior. Coercion, in contrast, utilizes a different dynamic where the point is to force someone to do something they are unwilling to do.

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    CapturingPowerShiftInEastAsia_Weissmann_AsianPerspective_2020
  • 43.
    Weissmann, Mikael
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Conceptualizing and countering hybrid threats and hybrid warfare: The role of the military in the grey zone2021In: Hybrid Warfare: Security and Asymmetric Conflict in International Relations / [ed] Mikael Weissmann, Niklas Nilsson, Björn Palmertz, Per Thunholm, London: I.B. Tauris, 2021, p. 61-82Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This chapter argues that it is crucial to understand the role of the military in the grey zone, as unless hybrid threats- and warfare can be successfully handled there, the war is likely to have been lost before a conventional war breaks out. Asking what role the military can and should play in responding to hybrid threats- and warfare today and in the future, the paper presents an analytical framework operationalising hybrid threats and warfare, which is then applied on the official discourse in the Baltic and a case study of Sweden analysing what role the members of the military themselves think it should have. It is concluded that the role of the military needs to be recognised and utilised in the most efficient way possible across the grey zone while at the same time ensuring that democratic principles and the rule of law are upheld. It is encouraging to see that the role of the military in the grey zone is both recognised and in correlation in the official discourse and in the thinking of military officers.

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    The role of the military in the grey zone_WEISSMANN_2021
  • 44.
    Weissmann, Mikael
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Hybrid warfare and hybrid threats today and tomorrow: towards an analytical framework2019In: Journal on Baltic Security, ISSN 2382-9222, Vol. 5, no 1, p. 17-26, article id https://doi.org/10.2478/jobs-2019-0002Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article first traces the origin of hybrid warfare and the label game surrounding the concept, asking whether it is merely old wine in a new bottle, and if so, whether it is still a useful concept. It is found that while being old wine in new bottles, it is still a good wine well worth drinking. While there is not much new in the concept itself, it is a useful tool to think about past wars, today’s wars and the wars of the future. Thereafter, this paper analyses how hybrid warfare and hybrid threats are to be understood in the context of peace, conflict and war. It is shown how hybrid warfare and threats fit into our traditional understanding of conflict dynamics.

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  • 45.
    Weissmann, Mikael
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Understanding Power (Shift) in East Asia: the Sino-US Narrative Battle about Leadership in the South China Sea2019In: Asian Perspectives, ISSN 0066-8435, E-ISSN 1535-8283, Vol. 43, no 2, p. 223-248, article id https://doi.org/10.1353/apr.2019.0009Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this article I study the competing US and Chinese narratives about the South China Sea. Arguing that the practice of calculating power shifts in terms of the changing distribution of material capabilities is inadequate, I complement existing literature by taking ideational and normative dimensions of power into account. I ask what the alternative Chinese narrative of power and leadership in the South China Sea looks like and how it is perceived by others in comparison with the dominant US narrative. While a "hard" power transition is ongoing, China's preferred narrative has yet to become widely accepted and the US narrative will remain dominant for now. Nevertheless, China has been making progress in shifting the narrative of what the future could look like with China's vision for a post-US regional and global order now seen as a possible alternative.

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  • 46.
    Weissmann, Mikael
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Ahlström, Peter
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Endast genom anfall kan ett avgörande nås: Varför dominerar offensiven militärt taktiskt tänkande?2017In: Kungl Krigsvetenskapsakademiens Handlingar och Tidskrift, ISSN 0023-5369, no 2, p. 6-18Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article analyses why the offensive dominates tactical thinking among Swedish officers. Having found that the large majority of Swedish officers think that the offensive dominates tactical thinking in the armed forces (6:1, 16:1 in the case of the army) ten possible reasons are identified and analysed. It found that the key factors for the dominance are military culture and education which together produce and reproduce the offensive bias. These are the factors with the most direct and deepest impact on the officer identity and understanding, form the foundation for tactical thinking, and work as a prism for other important factors.

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    endastgenomanfall_Weissman_Ahlstrom_2017
  • 47.
    Weissmann, Mikael
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Ahlström, Peter
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the most offensive of them all?: Explaining the offensive bias in military tactical thinking2019In: Defence Studies, ISSN 1470-2436, E-ISSN 1743-9698, Vol. 19, no 2, p. 170-188Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article explores why the offensive predominates military tactical thinking. With survey results showing an offensive bias among 60 per cent of senior Swedish officers and as many as 80 per cent in the case of the army, it is clear that this is not just a problem of the past but is equally relevant today. The article asks why there is a tendency to perceive and understand offensive tactics as the preferred choice and the way to conduct battle that should be encouraged and preferred. Drawing on existing research and the findings of a pilot study, ten propositions for why the offensive bias exists are tested using a mixed-method approach. Based on the findings, the article develops a model to understand why the offensive dominates military tactical thinking. It is found that the two key constitutive factors behind the offensive bias are military culture and education. These factors most directly and profoundly influence an officer’s identity, perceptions, and thinking. Military culture and education, in turn, work as a prism for four other factors: military history, the theory and principles of war, doctrine and TTPs, and psychological factors.

  • 48.
    Weissmann, Mikael
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Ahlström, Peter
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Offensivens roll i taktiskt tänkande: Slaget vid Caporetto 19172018In: Tankar om defensiven / [ed] Tommy Jeppsson, Stockholm: Kungl Krigsvetenskapsakademien och Försvarshögskolan , 2018, p. 14-24Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I detta kapitel studerar vi offensivens roll i det taktiska tänkandet vid tolfte slaget om Isonzo, mer känt som slaget vid Caporetto, i oktober 1917. Underlag har utgjorts av litteraturen kring slaget samt av erfarenheter från en fältövning på plats i Slovenien. Författarna, tillsammans med lärarna på sektionen för markoperationer och chefen för militärhistoriska avdelningen vid Försvarshögskolan, analyserade på plats slaget och följde i fotspåren på dåvarande löjtnanten Erwin Rommel för att förstå de taktiska förutsättningarna, vägvalen, besluten och dess effekter.

    I detta kapitel utgår vi från resultaten av vår egen forskning kring militärt taktiskt tänkande bland svenska officerare, från existerande forskning kring taktiskt tänkande samt från svensk doktrin och reglementen med betoning på Arméreglemente taktik (ART).

    När man studerar slaget vid Caporetto finner man att det är uppenbart att offensiven och offensivt tänkande har varit förhärskande. Detta gäller såväl Caporetto som de föregående elva slagen om Isonzo liksom den efterföljande jakten efter de italienska trupperna mot Tagliamento. Men varför var offensiven förhärskande? De militära målen och operationsmiljön ger förstås en grundförklaring – då italienarna ville nå Trieste behövde de gå på offensiven, och när Österrike-Ungerns försvar närmade sig kollaps och det operativa rummet saknades var motoffensiv att föredra (i alla fall om tyskt stöd kunde uppbådas). Samtidigt står det klart att offensiven var dominerande i det militära taktiska tänkandet hos såväl italienare som tyskar – de två huvudaktörerna i det studerade fallet.

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  • 49.
    Weissmann, Mikael
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Björnehed, Emma
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Maritime Operations Section.
    Praktisk examination och examination av praktik: Möjligheter och begränsningar2019In: Kungl Krigsvetenskapsakademiens Handlingar och Tidskrift, ISSN 0023-5369, no 2, p. 91-103Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The ability to lead armed combat is central to an officer. It is clear that the military professionis about more than possessing theoretical knowledge. Thus, in order to achieve an educationalprogram that includes the skills and abilities of the military profession there is a need to lookbeyond traditional written examination and apply practical examination in various forms.In this article we argue that while all practice can and should be examined through practicalexamination, not everything that is practically examined has to be practice. More specifically,this article will focus on the possibilities and limitations with practical examination. Focuswill be on the education of officers within the context of war studies. The article approachesthe issue on the basis of the legal framework for higher education in Sweden, research onteaching and learning in higher education and practice at the Swedish Defence University. Theoverall purpose is to understand practical examination with regard to what is allowed, howit is done with judicial security, and how it can be done in practice. The article also discusseswhat should be practically examined and how this should be done.

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    Praktisk examination och examination av praktik_KKrVA_2019_2
  • 50.
    Weissmann, Mikael
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Military Studies, Tactical Warfare Division, Land Operations Section.
    Li, Mingjiang
    S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (SGP).
    Introduction to the Special Issue: Power, Narratives, and the Role of Third Parties: Understanding Power (Shift) in East Asia2019In: Asian Perspective, ISSN 0258-9184, E-ISSN 2288-2871, Vol. 43, no 2, p. 215-221Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    "POWER" REMAINS A CENTRAL, IF NOT INDISPENSABLE, CONCEPT IN THE SOCIAL sciences and humanities. In no discipline is this clearer than international relations (IR), where the distribution of power is believed to explain many outcomes in international politics, particularly the propensity for war and peace (Mearsheimer 2010; Friedberg 2011). The importance of the concept notwithstanding, academic and policy debates about international power have long occurred within overly restrictive conceptual boundaries, focusing on the distribution of power defined as tangible assets to explain international politics at the expense of other ways in which power is exercised. Even though this materialist theory of power has failed to help us understand some of the most conspicuous international developments of recent decades, it continues to permeate the literature about international politics.

    There are few places in the world where power is as crucial to shaping international dynamics as in East Asia. The critical question of whether a power shift is ongoing in the region, from Japan and the United States to China, is a central preoccupation of contemporary IR. Given the actors that are involved, the region is arguably the epicenter of a possible global power shift from the West to the East, and from the North to the South. In the East Asian region, a power shift has been seen as impending for more than two decades (Betts 1993; Friedberg 1993; Roy 1994). Today, the concept of a regional power shift is widely accepted both among scholars and observers outside of academia (Shambaugh 2005; Mearsheimer 2010; Layne 2018). A consensus has emerged that there has been a redistribution of capabilities among the major players in the region, although there are different opinions about the extent and outcome of such power shift (Li and Kemburi 2014; see also the Asian Perspective special issue "The East Asia Power Shift: A Critical Appraisal," vol. 38, no. 3, 2014; of particular interest is the introduction by Linus Hagström and Bjorn Jerden).

    This special issue goes beyond materialistic power theory to examine the role and impact of narratives themselves in the (apparent) power shift in East Asia. It investigates the extent to which the narratives produced and spread by key actors succeed in producing effects on third [End Page 215] parties, exploring if and how they succeed in shaping their preferences, interests, and identities regarding contested issues in East Asia. Its focus is on the narratives about China, Japan, and the United States. The underlying idea is that it is the narrative(s) that ultimately define(s) the dynamics of the East Asian security setting and IR more broadly, creating a framework for what actions are possible, when, and for whom. In short, it is ultimately the victorious/dominant narratives that themselves define what is seen as legitimate and illegitimate, what is normal and abnormal, and ultimately what is within the realm of possibility and what is not.

    Special emphasis is put on third parties, as it is they who are the audiences and ultimately the judges of what narrative to accept or is most attractive. For example, the fact that narratives about a more "assertive" and "threatening" China have received increased attention and acceptance is limiting China while at the same time opening new space for Japan and US foreign policy, as they are perceived as important to manage China's purported rise.

    This special issue starts with an article by Mikael Weissmann titled "Understanding Power (Shift) in East Asia: The Sino-US Narrative Battle about Leadership in the South China Sea." Weissmann analyzes competing US and Chinese narratives about the South China Sea. He argues that the practice of calculating power shifts in terms of changing distribution of material capabilities is inadequate. The article aims to complement existing literature by taking ideational and normative dimensions of power into account. The article asks what the Chinese narrative of power and leadership in the South China Sea looks like and how it is perceived by others in comparison with the dominant US narrative. Weissmann concludes that while a "hard" power transition is ongoing, China's preferred narrative has yet to become widely accepted and...

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