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  • 1.
    Bennerstedt, Ulrika
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of War Studies, Joint Warfare Division.
    Åberg, Eva Svärdemo
    Department of Education, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, (SWE).
    Educational leadership in collegial decision-making? How course leaders and teachers participate and influence decisions in planning meetings2024In: Qualitative Studies, E-ISSN 1903-7031, Vol. 9, no 3, p. 8-41Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Although decision-making is central to development and change in higher education, few studies unpack how leadership is enacted and negotiated in situ in collegial planning tasks where decisions are at stake. This article addresses this gap in educational leadership by examining influencing work in decision-making processes at a Swedish university. It explores educational leadership in course-planning meetings with course leaders and teachers. The empirical material consists of video recordings of meetings from two teams with challenging conditions: not only was the data recorded during the pandemic, but the teams also had a high teacher turnover. Drawing on the tradition of leadership-in-interaction, this article explores educational leadership in meeting interaction by illustrating and contrasting how course supervisors and teachers participate in and influence decision-making on pedagogic and didactic designs. Analyses of empirical episodes show how team members struggle to find common ground in the past and formulate decision proposals for educational change in backward- and forward-looking cycles. A key finding is how the trajectory of decision-making processes differs between the studied teams. The article discusses high teacher mobility as an organizational constraint that limits the collective competence of course teams, providing problematic conditions for smooth decision-making and, thus, educational change and leadership. This constraint places a heavy burden on course leaders to navigate ambiguities of knowledge, power, and emotion in interaction that highlight underlying assumptions about the course leader’s role as a collegial leader without managerial decision-making power.

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  • 2.
    Bergman, David
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Leadership Division, Stockholm. Stockholm Univ, Dept Psychol, Stockholm, (SWE).
    Gustafsson-Senden, Marie
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Psychol, Stockholm, (SWE).
    Berntson, Erik
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Psychol, Stockholm, (SWE).
    From Believing to Doing: The Association Between Leadership Self-Efficacy and the Developmental Leadership Model2021In: Frontiers in Psychology, E-ISSN 1664-1078, Vol. 12, p. 1-9, article id 669905Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The current study examined the association between leadership self-efficacy and the developmental leadership model. The purpose was to better understand how leadership training transfers to facets of developmental leadership. This was tested in a cross-sectional design with military commanders in the Swedish Armed Forces. The results show that the sub-domain of leader self-control efficacy (the cognitive and emotional ability to remain composure) did not predict developmental leadership, but that leader assertiveness efficacy (the ability to make rational decisions) predicted the two dimensions of the exemplary model, and inspiration and motivation in the developmental leadership model. One possibility is that leader self-control efficacy can be what enables the individual to function within an extreme context, but leader assertiveness efficacy can be what most determines the leadership performance within that context. The possibility for mediatory analyses in further research is discussed.

  • 3.
    Bergman, David
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Leadership Division, Stockholm. Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden.
    Gustafsson-Sendén, Marie
    Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, (SWE).
    Berntson, Erik
    Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, (SWE).
    Direct and sustained effects on leadership self-efficacy due to the inability to complete a parachute training course2020In: Nordic Psychology, ISSN 1901-2276, E-ISSN 1904-0016, Vol. 72, no 3, p. 222-234Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The present study examined a parachute training course intended to improve the leadership abilities of future military officers. Two research questions were examined. First, whether there were any differences between completers and non-completers in anxiety, stress, and collective identity at the beginning of the course (time 1), and second, whether there were any differences between completers and non-completers in leadership self-efficacy immediately after the course and at a five-month follow-up (time 2 and time 3). Participants were cadets from the Swedish Military Academy undergoing the course as part of their officer training curriculum. The results showed no significant differences between completers and non-completers in anxiety, stress, and collective identity at the beginning of the course (time 1). Non-completers showed a significant reduction in leader self-control efficacy compared to those who completed the training immediately after the course and at a five-month follow-up (time 2 and 3). Overall, these results indicate that non-completion of this type of demanding training could have negative effects on the individual's leader self-control efficacy.

  • 4.
    Bergqvist, Tuula
    et al.
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    Eriksson, Birgitta
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    YOUNEX WP4 National Report Sweden2011Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 5.
    Björklund, Christina
    et al.
    Institutet för miljömedicin, Karolinska Institutet, (SWE).
    Tafvelin, Susanne
    Institutionen för psykologi, Umeå universitet, (SWE).
    Bolander, Pernilla
    Institutionen för företagande och ledning, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, (SWE).
    Larsson, Gerry
    Swedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Karlstad.
    Bergström, Gunnar
    Akademin för Hälsa och arbetsliv, Högskolan i Gävle samt Institutet för miljömedicin, Karolinska Institutet, (SWE).
    Lundmark, Robert
    Institutionen för psykologi, Umeå universitet, (SWE).
    Irehill, Hanna
    Institutionen för psykologi, Umeå universitet, (SWE).
    Ung och chef: En guide till organisationer som vill tillvarata unga chefers potential2023Report (Other academic)
  • 6.
    Classén, Jesper
    Swedish Defence University.
    Går det att förstå misslyckadet av Operation Gothic Serpent? En teorikonsumerande kvalitativ enfallsstudie om fallet i Mogadishu med hjälp av McRavens teori om specialoperationer2024Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study is about the Operation Gothic Serpent and trying to gain an understanding on why the operation did not success. The operation is a known failure for Americas special forces when trying to capture two lieutenants of General Aidid, two Black Hawk helicopters were shot down by Somali guerrillas. This operation is analyzed with William, H. McRaven’s theory of special operations and what factors you need to fulfill to achieve success. The conclusion is that McRaven’s principles of simplicity and surprise were not fulfilled by the U.S. special forces. The U.S. suffered 18 losses on the days 3-4th October 1993 on the streets of Mogadishu and several other injured. This study is only using McRavens six principles as the base to try and identify what caused the failure for Operation Gothic Serpent. In conclusion, the study would have been more accurate if it had used more theories to give a more broad understanding on why the operation did not succeed. This is because McRaven’s theory only focuses on the special force unit and not on the Guerrillas. 

  • 7.
    Cregård, Anna
    et al.
    Institutionen för arbetsliv och välfärd, Högskolan i Borås, Sweden, (SWE).
    Forsberg, Tina
    Arbetsvetenskap Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, Högskolan Dalarna, Sweden, (SWE).
    Berntson, Erik
    Swedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Stockholm.
    Samspel mellan linjechefer och stödfunktioner2023In: Samspel i kommunal administration: Lagspel, dragkamp eller hierarki? / [ed] Anna Cregård; Tina Forsberg; Erik Berntson, Lund: Studentlitteratur AB, 2023, p. 9-28Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Den här boken handlar om chefer, experter och stödfunktioner i kommuner - och om deras administrativa arbete. Den kommunala sektorns administration har på några decennier förändrats genomgripande, både vad gäller omfattning, arbetsinnehåll och styrka. Inom flera områden har roller professionaliserats, och mer kraft och resurser har lagts på att styra organisationen med bakgrund i krav på granskningsbarhet, kommunövergripande policyer och mätbar måluppfyllelse. Det har kommit att påverka hela den kommunala organisationen. I den här boken redogör vi för hur samspel mellan olika administrativa funktioner (såsom chefer, stödverksamhet och staber) ser ut och förändras. Vi diskuterar också hur goda samspel kan se ut, och vad som krävs för att åstadkomma sådana. Boken riktar sig till alla med intresse för organisatoriskt samspel mellan chefer, experter av olika slag och servicefunktioner i dagens kommunala värld. Särskilt riktar den sig till studenter som läser utbildningar inom personal- och arbetsvetenskap, organisation och ledarskap, och offentlig förvaltning, samt till dem som arbetar med ledning och administration i kommuner.

  • 8.
    Cregård, Anna
    et al.
    Institutionen för arbetsliv och välfärd, Högskolan i Borås, Sweden, (SWE).
    Forsberg, Tina
    Arbetsvetenskap Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, Högskolan Dalarna, Sweden, (SWE).
    Berntson, Erik
    Swedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Stockholm.
    Härenstam, Annika
    Stockholms universtiet, Sweden, (SWE).
    Samspel inom kommunal administration – sammanfattande konklusioner2023In: Samspel i kommunal administration: Lagspel, dragkamp eller hierarki? / [ed] Anna Cregård; Tina Forsberg; Erik Berntson, Lund: Studentlitteratur AB, 2023, p. 135-152Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Den här boken handlar om chefer, experter och stödfunktioner i kommuner - och om deras administrativa arbete. Den kommunala sektorns administration har på några decennier förändrats genomgripande, både vad gäller omfattning, arbetsinnehåll och styrka. Inom flera områden har roller professionaliserats, och mer kraft och resurser har lagts på att styra organisationen med bakgrund i krav på granskningsbarhet, kommunövergripande policyer och mätbar måluppfyllelse. Det har kommit att påverka hela den kommunala organisationen. I den här boken redogör vi för hur samspel mellan olika administrativa funktioner (såsom chefer, stödverksamhet och staber) ser ut och förändras. Vi diskuterar också hur goda samspel kan se ut, och vad som krävs för att åstadkomma sådana. Boken riktar sig till alla med intresse för organisatoriskt samspel mellan chefer, experter av olika slag och servicefunktioner i dagens kommunala värld. Särskilt riktar den sig till studenter som läser utbildningar inom personal- och arbetsvetenskap, organisation och ledarskap, och offentlig förvaltning, samt till dem som arbetar med ledning och administration i kommuner.

  • 9.
    Cregård, Anna
    et al.
    Institutionen för arbetsliv och välfärd, Högskolan i Borås, Sweden, (SWE).
    Tina, Forsberg
    Arbetsvetenskap Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, Högskolan Dalarna, Sweden, (SWE).
    Berntson, Erik
    Swedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Stockholm.
    Samspel i kommunal administration: Lagspel, dragkamp eller hierarki?2023Book (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Den här boken handlar om chefer, experter och stödfunktioner i kommuner - och om deras administrativa arbete. Den kommunala sektorns administration har på några decennier förändrats genomgripande, både vad gäller omfattning, arbetsinnehåll och styrka. Inom flera områden har roller professionaliserats, och mer kraft och resurser har lagts på att styra organisationen med bakgrund i krav på granskningsbarhet, kommunövergripande policyer och mätbar måluppfyllelse. Det har kommit att påverka hela den kommunala organisationen. I den här boken redogör vi för hur samspel mellan olika administrativa funktioner (såsom chefer, stödverksamhet och staber) ser ut och förändras. Vi diskuterar också hur goda samspel kan se ut, och vad som krävs för att åstadkomma sådana. Boken riktar sig till alla med intresse för organisatoriskt samspel mellan chefer, experter av olika slag och servicefunktioner i dagens kommunala värld. Särskilt riktar den sig till studenter som läser utbildningar inom personal- och arbetsvetenskap, organisation och ledarskap, och offentlig förvaltning, samt till dem som arbetar med ledning och administration i kommuner.

  • 10.
    Eriksson, Birgitta
    et al.
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    Bergqvist, Tuula
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    YOUNEX WP3 National Report Sweden2011Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 11.
    Fors Brandebo, Maria
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Ledarskapscentrum.
    Österberg, Johan
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Ledarskapscentrum.
    Berglund, Anna Karin
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Ledarskapscentrum.
    Militära ledares förmåga att öka eller bibehålla anställdas arbetstillfredsställelse: Praktiska handlingsstrategier2014Report (Other academic)
  • 12.
    Glavhammar, Alexander
    Swedish Defence University.
    Internationell tjänst - Ett framtida krav!2024Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Den här studien syftar till att undersöka svenska officerares erfarenheter och upplevelser av militär profession och krigföringsförmåga efter internationell tjänstgöring. Därtill syftar studien att undersöka om det föreligger skillnader i synen på krigföringsförmågan utifrån olika typer av internationella tjänstgöringar.

    Studien är kvalitativ och bygger på intervjuer med tio officerare (OF3-OF4) med erfarenhet av internationell tjänst i olika grad. Resultaten visar tydligt att internationell tjänstgöring bi-drar till en utveckling av samtliga krigföringsförmågor. Analysen stärker och vidimerar in-ternationell tjänst som en förutsättning för officerares professionella utveckling.

    Denna utveckling är avgörande för att möta kraven på Sverige som Natomedlem och säker-ställa att svenska officerare har den militära expertis som krävs både nationellt och internationellt. Därmed BÖR officerare tidigt i karriären tjänstgöra utomlands; och därefter, som en naturlig del av avancemanget mot högre grader, bekläda stabstjänster internationellt.

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    Internationell tjänst - Ett framtida krav!
  • 13.
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Leadership Division, Karlstad.
    Collective memories and professional ideals: Teachers’ experiences of a disaster2021In: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, E-ISSN 2212-4209, Vol. 64, p. 1-8, article id 102479Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Experienced collectively, disasters are also remembered collectively. Constituting a social glue among affected communities, disaster memories are essential for recovery processes. Focusing on teachers, who became frontline disaster workers, this paper explores how disasters are experienced and managed by a professional group lacking emergency management training. The study draws on in-depth interviews with school teachers about their memories of a forest fire in Sweden in 2014. As residents in, or close by, a small, rural community close to the fire, the teachers experienced the fire both as professionals and as citizens in their roles as family members and neighbours. The paper explores the role of kinship and vicinity of community reflecting the concepts of Therapeutic community and Gemeinschaft to provide a more substantial understanding of the social structures of a small, rural community without previous experiences of a disaster. The second theoretical focus and consequential contribution of the study lies within the teacher's recollections of professionalism, and how such interlinked norms and values remained intact through the disaster. In addition to convergence concerning professional ideals in the teacher collective, there was divergence in the teachers' memories of their performance and how others valued them, outlining how the social context and organizational support structures have tangible impacts on individuals' memories. Findings enable further systematic exploration of post-disaster social structures, training and organizational support, as well as the role of professional ideals, in disaster recovery processes.

  • 14.
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    Swedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Karlstad.
    Om mötet med andra kulturer och vår syn på rätt och fel2024In: Vägar till militär etik / [ed] Robertsson, Magna; Bergman, David, Lund: Studentlitteratur AB, 2024, 2, p. 147-170Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Kapitlet undersöker kultur, vilket kan betraktas som en aspekt av etik som militära praktiker ställs inför bland annat vid internationella insatser. Kapitlet kretsar kring frågor som rör skillnader i moraliska så kallade sanningar, och diskuterar teorier om universalism och kulturrelativism i syfte att stimulera reflektion om yrkesetiska frågor. 

  • 15.
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Ledarskapscentrum. Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan.
    Samhälle, individ och ansvar: en studie om synen på arbetslöshet2016Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of the thesis is to highlight and to problematize conceptions of unemployment in Swedish society. The questions guiding my work have been: Which conceptions of unemployment emerge in society? How are these dealt with by the unemployed? Work on the thesis has been guided by a social constructionist approach. The empirical findings are constituted by four publications which, in various ways, are linked to overarching aim of the thesis. These publications consist of an analysis of the legal regulation surrounding the unemployed, a study of the activities of civil society organisations working with unemployed and two publications based on interviews with long-term unemployed young adults.

    The thesis provides increased knowledge of conceptions of unemployment in Swedish society. It shows that there is a widespread societal discourse concerning the individual being responsible for her/his unemployment, and that this conception has historically been well-grounded in Swedish labour market and social policy, as well as in people’s understandings. Among representatives of civil society organisations and unemployed individuals, there is also both a questioning of and a resistance to this understanding, indicating a possible change in the discourse. The thesis further shows that the individualisation of responsibility greatly affects individuals’ approaches in social contexts, as well as in their contacts with government agencies, but also when it comes to relationships with politics and political involvement. These insights are significant, for example during both policy formulation and efforts for the unemployed, bearing in mind that consideration needs to be paid to individual prerequisites in order for the individual’s strengths and abilities to be utilized. This is particulary important when it comes to those in an exposed position.

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  • 16.
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan.
    Unga långtidsarbetslösa och det individualiserade ansvaret2015In: Arbetsmarknad & Arbetsliv, ISSN 1400-9692, E-ISSN 2002-343X, Vol. 21, no 2, p. 58-72Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Arbetslöshet förknippas med individen, hennes bristande arbetsmoral och andra personliga tillkortakommanden. Detta är något arbetslösa måste hantera och förhålla sig till. Artikeln syftar till att belysa på vilket sätt diskursen om det individualiserade ansvaret speglas i unga långtidsarbetslösas berättelser och, i synnerhet, hur de arbetslösa unga vuxna tar ställning till den. Resultaten visar tre förhållningssätt till diskursen: konformitet, distansering och motstånd.

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    fulltext
  • 17.
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Ledarskapscentrum.
    Young long-term unemployed and the individualization of responsibilities2016In: Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, E-ISSN 2245-0157, Vol. 6, no 2, p. 43-59Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In Sweden, as in most Western societies, a common belief is that unemployment is somehow linked to the individual, her lack of work ethic, or other personal shortcomings rather than to structural causes. This is not only manifested in public arenas such as the media or political debates but also in our social surroundings. In recent years, these views have gained mportance, indicating a shift in the location of responsibilities from the welfare state to the ndividual. This shift entails high demands and expectations on unemployed people and is omething they have to deal with and relate to. One of the most exposed groups is young ong-term unemployed.

    The aim of this article is to highlight how the discourse of individualized responsibility is reflected in unemployed peoples’ stories, and to shed light on the ways in which young long-term unemployed adults relate to and position themselves toward this discourse. Based on 18 qualitative interviews with young Swedish long-term unemployed people, the findings how three approaches to the discourse: conformity, distancing, and resistance.

  • 18.
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    et al.
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    Eriksson, Birgitta
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    Bacia, Ewa
    University of Warsaw.
    Civil society organizations and unemployment in Europe2012Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Studies of unemployment have traditionally focused on the welfare state as a framework. In that context, the third sector has been neglected, despite a considerable contribution to the field of unemployment. This comparative study will take a closer look at the activities offered by organizations working with unemployed, which will serve as a basis for exploring the relationship between civil society and state in four European countries. Associations in one city per country, active on this particular field within the third sector, will serve as case studies with the cases representing their welfare regime. Data comprises quantitative data gathered in corporatist Germany, Southern European Italy, paternalistic-market hybrid Poland and Social democratic Sweden. We argue that the role of the civil society organizations active on this area has changed in regard to the traditional pattern of classical welfare state models. This study shows that, regardless of welfare regime type as described in literature, the activities and strategies of the organizations are similar in all four countries.

  • 19.
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    et al.
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    Eriksson, Birgitta
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    Bergqvist, Tuula
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    YOUNEX WP1 National Report Sweden2009Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 20.
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    et al.
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    Eriksson, Birgitta
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    Bergqvist, Tuula
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    YOUNEX WP2 National Report Sweden2009Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 21.
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    et al.
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    Grimmer, B
    Demanding activity: German and Swedish youth unemployment policies in transition2011Conference paper (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 22.
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    et al.
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    Grimmer, B
    From eligible citizens to active entrepreneurs?: A comparison on (un)employment policies in Germany and Sweden2011Conference paper (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 23.
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    et al.
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    Grimmer, Bettina
    Siegen University, Germany.
    Unemployment, stigma and self-esteem2011Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The link between the occupational status and the degree of self-esteem has been elucidated by, above all, social sciences research on unemployment and well-being. The main argument has been that the lower degree of self-esteem the unemployed suffer from is a result of the missing latent functions of work, such as a time structure, regular activities and social contacts. However, the experience of unemployment is not limited to the absence of gainful employment. Emanated in particular from the public discussion regarding unemployed people being lazy and unwilling to work the negative connotations have gained importance in most of the European countries. Hence, unemployment marks a social status that is closely connected to the experience of stigmatization.

     

    Using survey data with a large sample of unemployed and employed young people from seven European countries, this paper aims to study to what extent the experience of social stigmatization may explain the interrelation between unemployment and self-esteem. Initially, we will analyse the impact of occupational status on the experience of stigmatization, i.e. the belief in societal prejudice towards the unemployed as well as social and institutional discrimination. In a second step, we will test to what extent the experience of stigmatization may explain the lower degree of self-esteem the unemployed suffer from.

  • 24.
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    et al.
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    Holth, Line
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    Arbete som medicin2010Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 25.
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    et al.
    Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap.
    Lahusen, Christian
    University of Siegen, Germany.
    Between evasion and activism. A qualitative inquiry into the political behaviour of German and Swedish long-term unemployed2015In: PArticipation and COnflict, ISSN 1972-7623, E-ISSN 2035-6609, Vol. 8, no 3, p. 788-813Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This comparative article aims to understand the patterns underlying the political behavior of young German and Swedish long-term unemployed individuals. Based on almost 40 qualitative interviews, the analysis follows a grounded theory approach and shows that “unemployment” is not an objective reality that imposes uniform living conditions. Social and political activities diverge considerably, even though our respondents experience similar pressures and sanctions by public opinion, political parties, public administrations, relatives and/or acquaintances. The consequences of unemployment depend on individual mind-sets, support networks and coping strategies. This study identifies informal networks of social relations as one main factor influencing unemployed young peoples’ political behavior. Three types of political involvement are shaped by the routines and norms reproduced within their web of social relations in everyday life: evasion, civic minimalism and reluctant activism. The similarities between the German and the Swedish respondents overshadowed the national differences.

  • 26.
    Jensen, Eva
    et al.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, Command & Control Studies Division.
    Tehler, Henrik
    Avdelningen för brandteknik och riskhantering, Lunds universitet.
    Brehmer, Berndt
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Military Studies, War Studies Division.
    Indikatorer på lednings- och samverkansförmåga: En förstudie på uppdrag av MSB2011Report (Other academic)
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  • 27.
    Karlsson, Henrik
    Swedish Defence University.
    En sensemakingstudie av ett personalersättningssystem2023Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study examines the differences in perception between officers at unit level regarding personnel replacement in war. The army has reintroduced the ability to replace personnel in the manoeuvre units, which has been out of the organization since the 1990s. The officers currently serving at unit level have little to no experience of how the previous replacement system worked and the Armed Forces have not explained how the system is supposed to work. This means that especially the younger officers create their own understanding of the conceived system.

    The study shows that there is basically a common opinion about the replacement system, but also that there are three areas with tensions (different perceptions of the system) between lower and higher unit levels. The difference lies in the fact that the lower level ascribes a different meaning to the categories of competence, experience and esprit de corps than the higher level. This could have been addressed through more active sensegiving from managers in the organization as they have the opportunity to create common meaning with the system.

    The study was conducted to increase the understanding of the different perceptions the officers have and with sensemaking interpret the difference in perception there is in the officer corps, regarding personnel replacement. The study is inductive and qualitative and has used interview as a method for collecting data. The material has then been analysed using thematic analysis.

    Key words:

    Personnel replacement, Sensemaking, Sensegiving, inductive, qualitative, thematic analysis, Swedish Armed Forces.

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  • 28.
    Larsson, Gerry
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Karlstad. Department of Health and Welfare, Inland University College of Applied Science, Elverum, Norway, (NOR).
    Höglund, Madelene
    Swedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Karlstad.
    Henrysson, Jonas
    Swedish Defence University, Centre for Societal Security, Leadership Concepts Division.
    Test of brief scale designed to measure high-level managers' indirect leadership2024In: Management Research Review, ISSN 2040-8269, Vol. 47, no 1, p. 86-98Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose – The Indirect Leadership Questionnaire (ILQ) is constructed to measure important parts of a theoretical model of indirect leadership to be used in leadership courses for high-level managers. The ILQ consists of 15 model-derived items plus extra space that provides for free-text comments. This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the ILQ, its predictive power and practical usefulness in indirect leadership courses and to evaluate the indirect leadership model in the light of new data.

    Design/methodology/approach – The study sample consisted of 225 higher managers and 6–10 of their subordinates (total: 1,703). The latter were working at least two hierarchical levels below their higher manager. The managers made self-ratings, and the subordinates rated their respective higher manager using the ILQ.

    Findings – Results showed that the ILQ has acceptable psychometric properties in terms of dimensionality(two model-compatible factors were obtained), reliability, discriminability and predictive power. Previousproblems with many “Don’t know” responses from subordinates working two or more hierarchical levels below their higher manager were considerably reduced. A qualitative analysis of the free-text responsess howed that indirect leadership behaviors that can be seen as inspirational influence and communication skills should be more emphasized in future indirect leadership courses. The leaders’ personality, task-related competence and performance-orientation were also highlighted more than in the indirect leadership model.

    Research limitations/implications – It was concluded that the ILQ is a useful tool in indirect leadership courses but that it is too limited to be used as a basis for theory development of indirect leadership.

    Originality/value – The ILQ has acceptable psychometric properties and provides an easy-to-use tool togain practical, usable knowledge of the “how’s” of indirect leadership

  • 29.
    Linehagen, Frida
    Avdelningen för Riskhantering och Samhällssäkerhet, Lunds universitet, (SWE).
    Gender (in)equality within the Swedish Armed Forces: Resistance and Functional Disinclination2023Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Historically and traditionally, military work has been closely associated with men. However, the post-Cold War normalization process has brought about a transformation in both the Swedish Armed Forces themselves and the perception of the organization. Normative concerns, including gender equality, have gained significant prominence, compelling the armed forces to embark onvarious initiatives aimed at achieving a more gender-balanced structure. Despite the extensive profiling and efforts made by the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) over the past decades, women currently make up only 11.9% of the military personnel.

    This dissertation examines how (in)equality manifests itself in the military profession today, in view of the substantial changes that have occurred. The dissertation encompasses both the experiences of personnel and the actions of the organisation. By doing so, it sheds light on the gradual advancement of gender equality within the SAF, attributing this delay to resistance against change that becomes evident at the structural, organizational, and professional levels. This resistance is further explained through the concept of "functional disinclination," which emerges from the empirical studies presented in this dissertation.

    Utilizing a range of data and methodologies, the dissertation collectively highlights an organizational incapacity to align with the normative demands set forth. The barriers to achieving gender equality are not merely reflective of resistance; they also form a recurring pattern that impedes the implementation of normative changes

  • 30.
    Lööw, Joel
    et al.
    Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden, (SWE).
    Vinberg, Stig
    Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden, (SWE).
    Johansson, Jan
    Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden, (SWE).
    Jakobsson, Mats
    Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden, (SWE).
    Mattsson Molnar, Malin
    Swedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Stockholm. Department of Intervention and Implementation Research for Worker Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Larsson, Johan
    Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden, (SWE), Department of Occupational Health and Safety, LKAB, Gällivare, Sweden, (SWE).
    Exploring Differences in Leadership Behaviors and in the Perceived Work Environment Between Younger and Older Managers in a Swedish Mining Company2024In: Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, ISSN 2524-3462, Vol. 41, p. 2835-2848Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study examines diferences in leadership behaviors and in the perceived work environment between older and younger managers in a large Swedish mining company. The leadership behaviors and work environment of young managers in the mining industry will become more important in the future due to the changes taking place in the industry. Such changes include the older generation of managers reaching retirement age, while the industry generally fnds it difcult to recruit a younger generation of employees. Moreover, rapid technology-centered transition, such as the green transition of the mining industry, is underway which may put young managers in particular under pressure. Meanwhile, research on young managers in the mining industry more broadly is sparse. Data for this study was mainly gathered via a questionnaire, complemented by data from interviews. The questionnaire included 48 validated self-rate questions on background variables, social and organizational working conditions, health, and leadership behavior. The survey was answered by 216 managers (response rate:63%). Interviews were carried out with ten young managers (35 years or younger). The study found no statistically signifcant diferences between younger and older managers with regards to workload, working hours, health, and work satisfaction. We found that older managers rate themselves higher, at a statistically signifcant level, for change-oriented leadership behaviors. However, when age is analyzed together with other variables that are signifcantly diferent between the two groups, only managerial experience and managerial positions show statistically signifcant associations with change-oriented and healthy and efective leadership behaviors. The interviews indicate that the young managers encounter challenges that are related to their experience and training, but few are related to their age. Given the infuence of managerial experience on leadership behaviors, leadership training appears to be an important area of intervention, and conditions must be improved to enablechange-oriented leadership among managers in the mining industry, with a greater focus on young managers.

  • 31.
    MacKenzie, Robert
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden, (SWE).
    McLachlan, Christopher J
    Queen Mary University of London, London, UK, (GBR).
    Ahlstrand, Roland
    Dalarna University, Sweden, (SWE).
    Rydell, Alexis
    Dalarna University, Sweden, (SWE).
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    Swedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Karlstad.
    Strategic, episodic and truncated orientations to planning in post-redundancy career transitions2024In: Human Relations, ISSN 0018-7267, E-ISSN 1741-282XArticle in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article examines different orientations to planning in the context of the post-redundancy transition of workers in the Swedish steel industry. The aim of the article is to extend our understanding of the role of planning in careers transitions. Drawing on careers transitions theories, the article explores the qualitative experience of the journey between a redundancy event and the employment situation several years later. Within the careers literature planning is regarded as important to transitions, yet there is a tendency to present planning as an ongoing and lifelong process. By going beyond the prevalent focus within the career literature on managerial, professional or creative industries workers, the article raises the question of whether highly agential, ongoing, lifelong approaches to planning apply to everyone. Data are based on working-life biographical interviews conducted several years after redundancy. The findings show that although some participants resembled assumptions within the careers literature, there are key variations relating to ongoing planning, reflecting differences in the expectations of agency and perceptions of structural constraint. The analysis identifies three orientations to planning – strategic, episodic and truncated – and explores these in relation to both post-redundancy transition outcomes and, crucially, the experience of the transition journey.

  • 32.
    McLachlan, Christopher J.
    et al.
    Queen Mary University of London, (GBR).
    MacKenzie, Robert
    Karlstad University, (SWE).
    Rydell, Alexis
    Dalarna University, (SWE).
    Ahlstrand, Roland
    Dalarna University, (SWE).
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    Swedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Karlstad.
    O'Brien, Martin
    University of Wollongong, (AUS).
    Frino, Betty
    University of Wollongong, (AUS).
    Restructuring, policy and practice: an international comparison of approaches2022In: International Human Resource Management: The Transformation of Work in a Global Context / [ed] Miguel Martínez Lucio; Robert MacKenzie, Los Angeles: Sage Publications, 2022, 2, p. 254-274-Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 33.
    Norell, Per-Ivar
    Swedish Defence University.
    Officer, ett livsyrke?2023Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Försvarsmakten är under tillväxt, den senaste nu gällande propositionen Totalförsvar har en kraftig utökning av Försvarsmaktens organisation som mål för 2030. Antalet anställda yrkesofficerare skall ökas med 1700 individer fram till år 2033. För att möjliggöra denna utökning räcker det inte att bara öka rekryteringen utan även att behålla redan anställd personal. I en studie från 2020 konstaterades att 25 % av yrkesofficerarna hade slutat inom Försvarsmakten inom 10 år efter att de tagit anställning. Att kompensera för detta genom överintag är kanske nödvändigt men samtidigt resurs och kostnadskrävande.

    Syftet med de attityder och intentioner som de blivande yrkesofficerana denna studie att försöka belysa har innan de åter kommer ut på förbanden och blir påverkade av förbands miljön. Studien undersöker vilka attityder de har om sin tjänstgöring i Försvarsmakten och dess påverkan på intentionerna om tjänstgöringslängd och karriärsutveckling. En insikt i dessa attityder samt intentioner möjliggör att kunna hantera dessa och minska personalomsättningen. 

    Studien resulterar i vissa tydliga resultat. Det finns en generell attityd bland blivande yrkesofficerare att konflikten mellan arbete och familj kommer att påverka dem i deras tjänstgöring i Försvarsmakten. Det finns också en skillnad mellan könen i hur de uppfattar karriär och barn. Kvinnor har ofta starkare attityd om att föräldraskap negativt påverkar karriärmöjligheterna i Försvarsmakten. Förebilder har betydelse, men inte så stor omfattning. Lärare på skolan samt tidigare chefer har ofta en positiv inverkan på attityden om eventuell karriär i Försvarsmakten. Detta är ett förhållande som bör utnyttjas från myndighetens sida.

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  • 34. Norenborg, Caroline
    Ensam är inte alltid stark: En intervjustudie med fem taktiska officerare om hur de ser på sin möjlighet att prestera inom funktionen teknisk tjänst2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Alone is not always strong – An interview study with five tactical officers on how they see their ability to perform the branch technical services.

    According to the Armed Forces' system descriptions on how to provide personnel, posts that are head of service branches should basically be held by staff with deep professional knowledge and long experience, i.e. Specialist officers. Since 2010 recent graduate tactical officers from the military-technology profile at Swedish Defense University has also been placed on such positions. The purpose of the study was to investigate this category of personnel’s view on their own performance on such a post. The method used was semi-structured interviews with five former students that graduated from the profile in 2010-2013.The theory of a sustainable performance culture, “Will, Know, Can, May and Should,” that Stockholm University has developed, was used as a framework. By using that the author could see if the profile was even. The result says that there are imbalances. They will do the task, they know enough about the task, they can accomplish the task as long as all the positions in technical service at the Company are in place, they may (receive the authority) do the task without clear boundaries and they should (feel a responsibility to) perform the tasks they do not consider is within the responsibility of the specialist officer.

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  • 35.
    Norenborg, Caroline
    Swedish Defence University.
    Intern rörlighet –  en möjlighet eller begränsning för kompetesförsörjning av militär organisation?2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Forskare menar att mänskliga resursers kompetens och duglighet är en viktig egenskap för militär förmåga. Ett sätt att försörja en organisation med kompetens är genom intern personalrörlighet. Intern rörlighet begränsas eller möjliggörs av organisationsrelaterade och/eller individrelaterade faktorer. Hittills finns endast ett fåtal studier om personalstrategier och kompetensförsörjning inom militära organisationer och ingen inom intern personalrörlighet. I denna studie undersöks faktorerna som påverkar intern rörlighet bland officerare i den svenska Försvarsmakten i syfte att se vad som möjliggör eller begränsar kompetensförsörjning av militärmakt. Genom att använda teorier inom både personalrörlighet och mänskligt beteende samt intervjuer som metod har ett antal faktorer kunnat påvisas. Resultatet pekar på att organisationsrelaterade faktorer måste korrelera med individrelaterade faktorer om kompetensförsörjningen ska fungera i en militär organisation. Förutsatt att individens begränsningar omhändertas i personalplanering möjliggörs organisationens behov och byggandet av militär förmåga. Då måste också strategin ha fokus på kompetensförsörjning och inte bara personalförsörjning.

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  • 36.
    Schüler, Martin
    Swedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Stockholm. University West, (SWE).
    Planning for Safety when Preparing for War: Competition Brings Out the Wickedness of the Military2022In: 27th ICCRTS Proceedings, International Command and Control Institute , 2022, p. 1-16Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The study investigates how two-sided military exercises affect learning and participating personnel's ability to perform tasks safely when confronted with an equally matched opponent. Data were collected from two separate events the Northern Wind 2019 Final Planning Conference and the Northern Wind 2019 exercise using participatory observations and shadowing. The outline of the critical incident technique was used as a guide when designing the data collection and the activity theory framework was used for coding and analyzing the data. The results indicate that a driven desire to win two-sided military exercises can create unsafe work practices by performing work tasks without regard for occupational-, electrical- or fire safety. The results also indicate a need for reshaping the conception of a two-sided military exercise by treating the exercise as a learning opportunity and recognizing the impact of the participating unit on each other’s learning. The study is based on the results of one army exercise and requires further research to understand the activities that take place and how they affect learning and safety. However, it gives some insight into the learning problems occurring during military field exercises.

  • 37.
    Schüler, Martin
    Högskolan Väst, (SWE).
    Säkerhetsklimat i en militär organisation2022Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Den militära organisationen inkluderar olika verksamheter vilket skiljer den fran civila organisationer. Den militära organisationen har sin motsvarighet i flera olika civila organisationer som sjöfart, luftfart, sjukvård och transport for att nämna några områden. Den allomfattande militära verksamheten regleras av samma lagar som övriga aktörer i samhället forhåller sig till. Det som är unikt med den militära organisationen är den kontinuerligt tränar och övar för krig. Organisationens personal exponeras för utmaningen att tankemässigt växla mellan individuell och kollektiv risktagning att tänka och träna (krig), Sveriges säkerhet. Samtidigt förvantas individen förebygga risker i de farliga situationer som påverkar den individuella säkerheten som individen möter i sitt arbete.

    Säkerhetsklimat ar organisationsmedlemmarnas kollektiva uppfattning om området säkerhet (Neal & Griffin, 2002; Zohar, 1980). Uppfattningarna skapas genom att gruppen ser hur säkerhet uttrycks, prioriteras och hanteras i organisationen till exempel i organisationens regler, rutiner, instruktioner och dokument (Kines et al., 2011). Uppfattningar ar särskilt viktiga i organisationens säkerhetsarbete och bidrar till att vissa säkerhetsomraden uppfattas som mer eller mindre viktiga i det dagliga arbetet (Fahlbruch & Wilpert, 1999; Flin, 1998; Flin et al., 2000). Dessa uppfattningar påverkar aven förekomsten av olyckor och tillbud som kan orsaka skador pa människor, utrustning och miljö (Beus et al., 2010; Christian et al., 2009; Fugas et al., 2012; Kuenzi & Schminke, 2009; Nahrgang et al., 2011; Tholen et al., 2013). For att kartlägga säkerhetsklimatet används olika enkätinstrument. Det finns inga säkerhetsklimatinstrument som är anpassade  till  hela  den  militära  organisationens verksamhet. De säkerhetsklimatinstrument som finns mäter säkerhetsklimat utifrån en specifik verksamhet som till exempel sjöfart. I den föreliggande avhandlingen har en modifierad version av instrumentet Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire använts för att mäta säkerhetsklimat i flera olika delar av den militära organisationen. Ytterligare områden har adderats till instrumentet for att fånga de situationer som militär personal möter i den dagliga verksamheten dvs övning, etik, och fysikträning.

    Avhandlingens syfte är att utveckla ett verktyg för att undersöka säkerhetsklimat i en militär organisation samt att undersöka relationen mellan säkerhet och lärande i det militära arbetet.

    Resultaten visar att det anpassade instrumentet NOSACQ-50 diskriminerar mellan olika stridskrafter och nivåer i den militära organisationen. Resultaten visar att de nyskapade dimensionerna: Ledningens stöd, Kunskap om lagar, Etik, Prioritering av träning, Undvikande av träning, Rättvis utvärdering, Acceptans av vulnerabilitet mäter andra aspekter av säkerhet som har relevans for den miliära organisationen.

    Vidare har säkerhet undersökts under en militär övning. Datainsamlingen designades efter  metoden  kritiska  incidenter.  Deltagande  observationer genomfördes av planeringen inför övningen Northern Wind 2019 (NW19). Skuggning användes for att följa övningsdeltagarna under övningen NW19. Resultaten visar att begäret att vinna övningen påverkar hur deltagarna arbetar med säkerhet. Deltagande enheter blir med sina beslut och aktioner omedvetet varandras lärare. Övningsdeltagarna påverkas av ""gamer mode"" vilket medför att säkerhetsreglerna upplevs hindrande for övningsvinsten. Övningsscenariot skapar en situation där verklighetsliknande situationer sammanblandas med autentiska. Konkreta uppgifter går att imitera (flytta den gröna lådan) medan abstrakta uppgifter inte kan imiteras (samarbeta med andra myndigheter som Polisen). Problematiken skapar ett underlag som kan vilseleda organisationen och skapa kunskap som inte fungerar utanför övningen. Problem och svårigheter synliggörs inte utan bildar organisatoriska svagheter som kan orsaka farliga situationer för individen och organisationen.

    För att ytterligare förstå militar säkerhet behöver arbetet kompletteras med ytterligare studier riktade mot marina och flygvapenövningar. Vidare behöver instrumentet kompletteras med påståenden som fångar personalens uppfattning om säkerhetslösningens faktiska tillämpbarhet när den används i den militära verksamheten.

  • 38.
    Wall, Erika
    et al.
    Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper (SWE).
    Hobbins, Jennifer
    Swedish Defence University, Institutionen för ledarskap och ledning, Leadership and Command & Control Division Karlstad.
    I smittspridningens spår: Arbetsintensifiering inom vården2023In: Arbetsmarknad & Arbetsliv, ISSN 1400-9692, E-ISSN 2002-343X, Vol. 29, no 1, p. 23-44Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Baserat på trettiotre djupintervjuer med undersköterskor, sjuksköterskor och läkare analyseras betydelsen av smittspridningen av sars-coronavirus-2 för arbete inom vård- och omsorgssektorn i Sverige. Resultaten visar att arbetssituationen upplevs som i grunden förändrad vilket inkluderar relationer till patienter (hygien, vårdplanering), anhöriga (kontakt) och kollegor emellan (personalplanering, kommunikation). Samtidigt beskrivs arbetet fortgå som vanligt i relation till patienter (hygien, nära vård, medicinering). Utifrån en diskussion kring betydelsen arbetsintensifiering och flexibilitet bidrar analysen till en förståelse för dynamiken mellan kontinuitet och förändring på mikronivå, i det vardagliga, praktiska arbetet för personal inom vård och omsorgssektorn i Sverige.

  • 39.
    Wikström, Amanda
    Swedish Defence University.
    No woman is an island: En kvalitativ studie om kvinnorättsaktivisters behov av stöd i en påfrestande arbetsmiljö2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Kvinnor som arbetar med kvinnors rättigheter i Sverige vittnar om att våld, trakasserier och hot ingår i deras arbetsmiljö. Konsekvenserna är många och allvarliga, i arbetet, privatlivet och för hälsan. Många yrken drabbas av våld och hot i arbetsmiljön och forskning kring ledarskap och organisatoriska åtgärder finns, men kvinnor som arbetar med kvinnors rättigheter verkar saknas bland dessa. De tidigare studierna kring kvinnorättsrörelsen har istället tittat på exempelvis genusperspektiv på motstånd mot jämställdhet, juridik, demokratioch hur den civila människorättsrörelsen påverkar samhället.

    Fyra kvinnor som arbetar med kvinnors rättigheter i Sverige och regelbundet utsätts förvåld, trakasserier och hot på grund av arbetet, har intervjuats för att få information om vad de själva anser att de har för behov inom organisationen för att förbättra arbetsmiljön. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer så framkom att faktorer inom organisationen var viktiga för arbetsmiljön, men det var också faktorer utanför organisationen som initialt prioriterats bort istudiens problemställning. Bemötande från polis och rättsväsende visade sig göra stor skillnadi deras känsla av trygghet. Att statliga projektbidrag inte inkluderar resurser att finansiera hanteringen av brotten de utsätts för i projekten är också ett hinder för implementering avåtgärder i organisationen.

    Både likheter och skillnader kunde identifieras mellan empirin i studien och tidigare forskning på arbete under påfrestande förhållanden. Skillnaderna kan bero på att det faktiskt är skillnader, eller att den här studien fokuserat på ytterligare ett område som fick mycket gensvar i intervjuerna: det emotionella omhändertagandet.

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