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  • 1.
    Cederstam, Carl
    Swedish Defence University.
    'Blessed are the peacemakers...': the applicability and application of IHL to UN-led peace operations2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
  • 2.
    David, Eric
    et al.
    Université Libre de Bruxelles.
    Engdahl, Ola
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Strategiavdelningen med folkrättscentrum (upphört).
    How does the involvement of a multinational peacekeeping force affect the classification of a situation?2013In: International Review of the Red Cross, ISSN 1816-3831, E-ISSN 1607-5889, Vol. 95, no 891/892, p. 659-666Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The ‘debate’ section of the Review aims at contributing to the reflection on current ethical, legal, or practical controversies around humanitarian issues.

    In this issue of the Review, we invited two experts in international humanitarian law (IHL) and multinational peace operations – Professor Eric David and Professor Ola Engdahl – to debate on the way in which the involvement of a multinational force may affect the classification of a situation. This question is particularly relevant to establishing whether the situation amounts to an armed conflict or not and, if so, whether the conflict is international or non-international in nature. This in turn will determine the rights and obligations of each party, especially in a context in which multinational forces are increasingly likely to participate in the hostilities.

  • 3.
    de Wet, Erika
    et al.
    Institute for International and Comparative Law in Africa, Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
    Kleffner, Jann KSwedish National Defence College, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Strategiavdelningen med folkrättscentrum.
    Convergence and Conflicts of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in Military Operations2014Collection (editor) (Refereed)
    Download full text (pdf)
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  • 4.
    Engdahl, Ola
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), International Law Centre.
    Folkrättsligt ansvar och svenska styrkors utövande av våld och tvång: vad innebär den svenska Irakinsatsen?2016In: Svensk Juristtidning, ISSN 0039-6591, no 1, p. 38-61Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 5.
    Engdahl, Ola
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), International Law Centre.
    Protection of Human Rights and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security: Necessary Precondition or a Clash of Interests?2015In: Promoting Peace through International Law / [ed] Cecilia M. Bailiet & Kjetil Mujezinovic Larsen, Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 109-129Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 6.
    Ericson, Marika
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Political Science and Law, Centre for International and Operational Law.
    Folkrättsutbildning för ett välfungerande totalförsvar: ett viktigt område för vidareutveckling2023In: Svenska Röda Korsets årsbok i internationell humanitär rätt 2022, ISSN 2003-1076, p. 31-36Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 7.
    Ericson, Marika
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Political Science and Law, Centre for International and Operational Law.
    Försvara en regelbaserad ordning eller skapa en ny: Om juridikens roll i kris och krig2022In: Kungl Krigsvetenskapsakademiens Handlingar och Tidskrift, ISSN 0023-5369, no 4, p. 31-40Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 8.
    Fabian, Cornils
    Swedish Defence University.
    Lesser Evil: A case evaluation on operational level2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In war military necessity to some extent justifies breaches to some international humanitarian law rules. However, there is no justifiable causes for breaching rules with the objective to reduce humanitarian suffering. Professor Gabriella Blum is the creator of the humanitarian necessity theory which investigates the possibility for humanitarian necessity as a ground for freedom from responsibility in armed conflicts. 

    By applying the humanitarian necessity theory to the Moscow Theater Hostage Crisis case this thesis strives to investigate how a humanitarian necessity theory would affect international humanitarian law on an operational level of war. 

    The result of the analysis shows that the theory would weaken existing international humanitarian law and have high risks of blurring the limits between legitimate targets and protected persons. The implementation of the theory could result in creating an even more complex environment where the humanitarian necessity theory causes negative humanitarian effects instead of decreasing humanitarian suffering. 

    Download full text (pdf)
    Lesser Evil
  • 9.
    Fortin, Katharine
    et al.
    Faculty of Law, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, (NLD).
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Centre for International and Operational Law.
    Responsibility of Organized Armed Groups controlling territory: attributing conduct to ISIS2021In: Military operations and the notion of control under international law: Liber Amicorum Terry D. Gill / [ed] Rogier Bartels, Jeroen C. van den Boogaard, Paul A. L. Ducheine, Eric Pouw, Joop Voetelink, Haag: TMC Asser Press , 2021, p. 307-328Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 10.
    Garmstedt, Therese
    Swedish Defence University.
    Persons with Disabilities and the challenge to conduct Effective Advance Warnings: A Disability Perspective in International Humanitarian Law2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Approximately 15%, one billion persons, of the world’s population have a disability or impairment. A disability or impairment can be either physical or psychological, or both.

    Civilian casualties are often occurring in armed conflicts. In 2019 alone, more than 20 000 civilians were killed in armed conflicts. According to International Humanitarian Law (IHL), actors in armed conflicts have a specific obligation to protect and respect the civilian population. To be able to protect civilians to the greatest extent possible in accordance with IHL it must be acknowledged that civilians are not a homogenous group of people. Civilians are of different sexes, ages, races, they have different cultural, social, and religious backgrounds and can have different types of physical or psychological disabilities and impairments.

    This thesis has been inspired by the recent report from Geneva Academy on the issue ‘Disability in Armed Conflict’ which highlights how the lack of a disability perspective might adversely affect persons with disability when applying different IHL provisions during armed conflict.

    The focus of this thesis is persons with disabilities in armed conflicts and how their protection is affected by being a person with disabilities or impairments. Due to the scope of this thesis the protection focus will be on the principle of precaution and more specifically the precautionary measure of advance warning. Thus, investigating if IHL’s lack of a disability perspective when requiring advance warnings to be ‘effective’ adversely affect the legal protection of civilians with physical and/or psychological disability against attacks.

  • 11.
    Garraway, Charles
    et al.
    Human Rights Centre, University of Essex, UK.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), International Law Centre.
    Applicability and Application of International Humanitarian Law to Enforcement,  Peace Enforcement and Peace Operations2015In: The Handbook of the International Law of Military Operations / [ed] Terry Gill and Dieter Fleck, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, 2, p. 147-152Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 12.
    Garraway, Charles
    et al.
    Human Rights Centre, University of Essex, UK.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), International Law Centre.
    International Humanitarian Law in Self-Defence Operations2015In: The Handbook of the International Law of Military Operations / [ed] Terry Gill and Dieter Fleck, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, 2, p. 236-239Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 13.
    Harrison Dinniss, Heather
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), International Law Centre.
    Cyber Operations in Outer Space2017In: Outer Space Law: Legal Policy and Practice / [ed] Yanal Abdul Failat and Anel Ferreira-Snyman, Woking, Surrey: Globe Law and Business , 2017, p. 323-333Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 14.
    Harrison Dinniss, Heather
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), International Law Centre.
    Military Human Enhancement: Legal aspects of the use of human enhancement technologies by the armed forces2013Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The current focus on an ever-increasing sophistication of weapons systems usually overlooks efforts of states to enhance the physical and mental capabilities of human soldiers. While such techniques and technologies have a long history (e.g. the use of drugs and alcohol in order to overcome fear and fatigue; the use of night-vision goggles etc.), they have attained a new quality. For instance, certain armed forces are introducing wearable robotics suit (Powered exoskeletons). Furthermore, the development of military applications of brain-computer interfaces continues, which would allow for direct communication between a human brain and a computer – and eventually vice-versa. These technologies raise a number of pertinent international legal issues, such as: What are the potential consequences for compliance with the rules and principles of the law of armed conflict? What implications may such technologies have for the accountability of states and individuals? And what would the use of such technologies mean for the human rights of the human soldier?

  • 15.
    Harrison Dinniss, Heather
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), International Law Centre.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), International Law Centre.
    Soldier 2.0: Military Human Enhancement and International Law2016In: International Law Studies, ISSN 2375-2831, Vol. 92, p. 432-482Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Advances in technologies that could endow humans with physical or mental abilities that go beyond the statistically normal level of functioning are occurring at an incredible pace. The use of these human enhancement technologies by the military, for instance in the spheres of biotechnology, cybernetics and prosthetics, raise a number of questions under the international legal frameworks governing military technology, namely the law of armed conflict and human rights law. The article examines these frameworks with a focus on weapons law, the law pertaining to the detention of and by “enhanced individuals,” the human rights of those individuals and their responsibility for the actions they take while under the influence of enhancements.

  • 16.
    Hayashi, Nobuo
    International Law and Policy Institute (ILPI), NOR..
    Do the Good Intentions of European Human Rights Law Really Pave the Road to IHL Hell for Civilian Detainees in Occupied Territory?2015In: Journal of Conflict and Security Law, ISSN 1467-7954, E-ISSN 1467-7962, Vol. 20, no 1, p. 133-163Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article cautions against the notion that the good intentions of European human rights law necessarily undermine international humanitarian law. In Al-Jedda, despite some suggestions to the contrary, the European Court did not misconstrue the law of belligerent occupation. The court erred, however, in assuming that the duty of non-detention under Article 5(1) of the European Convention can only be ‘displaced’ by a counter-duty of security detention. Whereas the law of belligerent occupation does not impose such a counter-duty, it does empower the occupation authorities to detain on security grounds, and exercising this power would frustrate observing Article 5(1) and vice versa. The norm conflict was soluble, but the would-be need to modify the scope and/or content of Article 5(1) or the law of belligerent occupation, rendered the European Court ill suited for the task. Nevertheless, the court’s ruling against the UK need not mean that European occupying powers suddenly have no choice but to kill rather than detain without charge (and risk lawsuits later) when countering security threats. On the contrary, the law of belligerent occupation helps the occupiers devise Al-Jedda-compliant detention regimes. The judgment’s repercussions are direr for the internment of prisoners of war.

  • 17.
    Hayashi, Nobuo
    UN Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute.
    Eliminating v. Prohibiting Nuclear Weapons? Debunking a False Dilemma2015Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 18.
    Hayashi, Nobuo
    Oslo, Norway.
    Is the Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty Accessible to Umbrella States?2019In: Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume IV: Human Perspectives on the Development and Use of Nuclear Energy / [ed] Jonathan L. Black-Branch and Dieter Fleck, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2019, p. 377-394Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This chapter asserts that States placing themselves under the umbrella of nuclear-weapon States may not join the 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons without being in breach with one of its core provisions. The author considers four questions: How did the Treaty come to include a prohibition on threatened use? What does the prohibition mean for threatened self-defensive use of nuclear weapons under jus ad bellum? Does the prohibition cover nuclear deterrence? Does threatening to use nuclear weapons include threatening to have these weapons used on one’s behalf by its nuclear-armed ally? Whilst promoting universal adherence clearly coheres with the Treaty’s object and purpose, it is doubtful whether such considerations warrant a narrow construal in the hope that umbrella States would accede to the treaty without having to abandon their dependence onextended nuclear deterrence.

  • 19.
    Hayashi, Nobuo
    Pluricourts, Faculty of Law, University of Oslo, NOR..
    Legality under jus ad bellum of the threat of use of nuclear weapons2014In: Nuclear Weapons under International Law / [ed] Gro Nystuen, Stuart Casey-Maslen and Annie Golden Bersagel, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 31-58Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 20.
    Hayashi, Nobuo
    United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute.
    Military Necessity: The Art, Morality and Law of War2020Book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    What does it mean to say that international humanitarian law (IHL) strikes a realistic and meaningful balance between military necessity and humanity, and that the law therefore 'accounts for' military necessity? To what consequences does the law 'accounting for' military necessity give rise? Through real-life examples and careful analysis, this book challenges received wisdom on the subject by devising a new theory that not only reaffirms Kriegsräson's fallacy but also explains why IHL has no reason to restrict or prohibit militarily unnecessary conduct on that ground alone. Additionally, the theory hypothesises greater normative significance for humanitarian and chivalrous imperatives when they conflict with IHL rules. By combining international law, jurisprudence, military history, strategic studies, and moral philosophy, this book reveals how rational fighting relates to ethical fighting, how IHL incorporates contrasting values that shape its rules, and how law and theory adapt themselves to war's evolutions.

  • 21.
    Hayashi, Nobuo
    International Law and Policy Institute, Oslo, Norway.
    The Role and Importance of the Hague Conferences: A Historical Perspective2017Report (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A period of sustained efforts to codify and develop the rules of war, which began in the mid-nineteenth century, peaked with the 1899 and 1907 Hague Peace Conferences. Participating delegates adopted numerous binding instruments covering various aspects of peaceful dispute settlement and war-fighting. This paper places the two Hague Peace Conferences within the context of humanity’s attempts to regulate warfare. It identifies the main factors that made them successful at the time; shows how these factors have changed over time; and assesses the conferences’ contemporary relevance in view of such changes.

  • 22.
    Hayashi, Nobuo
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Political Science and Law, Centre for International and Operational Law.
    Weapons of Mass Destruction2022In: Elgar Encyclopedia of Human Rights / [ed] Christina Binder, Manfred Nowak, Jane A. Hofbauer, Philipp Janig, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022, p. 556-566Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 23.
    Hayashi, Nobuo
    et al.
    University of Oslo.
    Bailliet, Cecilia M.PluriCourts; University of Oslo, Norge.
    The Legitimacy of International Criminal Tribunals2017Collection (editor) (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    With the ad hoc tribunals completing their mandates and the International Criminal Court under significant pressure, today's international criminal jurisdictions are at a critical juncture. Their legitimacy cannot be taken for granted. This multidisciplinary volume investigates key issues pertaining to legitimacy: criminal accountability, normative development, truth-discovery, complementarity, regionalism, and judicial cooperation. The volume sheds new light on previously unexplored areas, including the significance of redacted judgements, prosecutors' opening statements, rehabilitative processes of international convicts, victim expectations, court financing, and NGO activism. The book's original contributions will appeal to researchers, practitioners, advocates, and students of international criminal justice, accountability for war crimes and the rule of law.

  • 24.
    Hayashi, Nobuo
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Political Science and Law, Centre for International and Operational Law.
    Lingaas, Carola
    VID Specialized University (NOR).
    Conclusion: The Hostage Case, Present Day Knowledge, and Future Implications2023In: Honest Errors? Combat Decision-Making 75 Years After the Hostage Case / [ed] Nobuo Hayashi; Carola Lingaas, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2023, p. 289-300Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Seventy-five years after a US tribunal in Nuremberg acquitted Lothar Rendulic of devastating and forcibly evacuating Northern Norway, the Rendulic Rule stands firmly in international law. This concluding chapter summarises the anthology’s main historical, legal, and military-ethical findings. It provides an overview of the historical developments that culminated in the scorched earth tactics applied by the retreating German 20th Mountain Army under Rendulic’s command. It then discusses the preparations and legal peculiarities of the trial, as well as reactions to the judgment. The chapter shows that the case against Rendulic is arguably the wrong foundation for the no second-guessing rule, since he did not consider the complete devastation of Northern Norway and the forcible evacuation of its entire civilian population militarily necessary. Although the Rendulic Rule rests on meagre legal forensics, it has acquired legal significance in primary rules of conduct in the shape of the reasonable commander test in international humanitarian law and the mistake of fact defence in international criminal law. Numerous domestic, regional, and international courts and tribunals have applied the rule that nowadays has a strong legal standing. Yet, despite rapidly evolving military and information technology, reasonableness, empathy, and (institutional) bias in combat remain challenging issues

  • 25.
    Hayashi, Nobuo
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Political Science and Law, Centre for International and Operational Law.
    Lingaas, CarolaVID Specialized University (NOR).
    Honest Errors? Combat Decision-Making 75 Years After the Hostage Case2023Collection (editor) (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This book marks the 75th anniversary of the 1948 Hostage Case in which a US military tribunal in Nuremberg acquitted General Lothar Rendulic of devastating Northern Norway on account of his honest factual error. The volume critically reappraises the law and facts underlying his trial, the no second-guessing rule in customary international humanitarian law (IHL) that is named after the general himself, and the assessment of modern battlefield decisions.

    Using recently discovered documents, this volume casts major doubts on Rendulic’s claim that he considered the region’s total devastation and the forcible evacuation of all of its inhabitants imperatively demanded by military necessity at the time. This book’s analysis of archival and court records reveals how the tribunal failed to examine relevant facts or explain the Rendulic Rule’s legal origin. This anthology shows that, despite the Hostage Case’s ambiguity and occasional suggestions to the contrary, objective reasonableness forms part of the reasonable commander test under IHL and the mistake of fact defence under international criminal law (ICL) to which the rule has given rise. This collection also identifies modern warfare’s characteristics—human judgment, de-empathetic battlespace, and institutional bias—that may make it problematic to deem some errors both honest and reasonable. The Rendulic Rule embodies an otherwise firmly established admonition against judging contentious battlefield decisions with hindsight. Nevertheless, it was born of a factually ill-suited case and continues to raise significant legal as well as ethical challenges today.

    The most comprehensive study of the Rendulic Rule ever to appear in English, this multi-disciplinary anthology will appeal to researchers and practitioners of IHL and ICL, as well as military historians and military ethicists and offers ground-breaking new research.

  • 26.
    Hayashi, Nobuo
    et al.
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Political Science and Law, Centre for International and Operational Law.
    Lingaas, Carola
    VID Specialized University (NOR).
    Honest Errors in Combat Decision-Making: State of Our Knowledge 75 Years after the Hostage Case2023In: Honest Errors? Combat Decision-Making 75 Years After the Hostage Case / [ed] Nobuo Hayashi; Carola Lingaas, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2023, p. 3-21Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Seventy-five years have passed since Hostage, a post-World War II case in which Lothar Rendulic was acquitted of Northern Norway’s devastation and forcible evacuation on account of his faulty yet honest judgment. This introductory chapter surveys the current state of our knowledge about honest errors in modern combat decision-making by synthesising the findings of the anthology’s contributing authors. First, contemporaneous sources suggest that Rendulic did not consider it militarily necessary to devastate the region in its entirety or to evacuate all of its residents by force. Second, even though Rendulic’s acquittal was factually contentious, it was arguably on firmer legal ground. His case has led to the emergence of an eponymous rule against second-guessing difficult combat decisions, the reasonable commander test in international humanitarian law and the mistake of fact defence in international criminal law. Third, assessing the reasonableness of battlefield errors remains challenging because of the limitations of modern information technology, the diminishing room for empathy in the soldierly profession, and the salience of institutional bias.

  • 27.
    Hjorth, Ronnie
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Political Science Section, Sektionen för säkerhetspolitik och strategi.
    Civil Association Across Borders: Law, Morality and Responsibility in the Post-Brexit Era2018In: Journal of International Political Theory, ISSN 1755-0882, E-ISSN 1755-1722, Vol. 14, no 3, p. 299-313Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Michael Oakeshott’s distinction between ‘civil association’ and ‘enterprise association’ has inspired international society theorists to conceive of international society as not just a ‘purposive association’ constructed by states to satisfy their interests but also as a ‘practical association’ providing formal and pragmatic rules that are not instrumental to particular goals of state policy. While this article is supportive of the Oakeshottian turn in international society theory, it suggests that somewhat different conclusions can be drawn from it. The article sketches out an alternative conception of international ‘civil association’, one that transcends the boundaries of communities. It is argued that such a notion of civil association is both possible and at the same time anchored in the experiences of the modern state. It is suggested that this notion of international civil association, when sustained by an adequate legal conception, promotes the enforcement of moral and political responsibility across borders. Finally, it is argued that European governments post-Brexit should strive to retain, as much as possible, the element of civil association present in European relations in order to preserve the civil condition, the rule of law, and in order to enhance political responsibility across borders.

  • 28.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Centre for International and Operational Law.
    A Bird’s-eye view on compliance with the law of armed conflict 70 years after the adoption of the Geneva Conventions2019In: Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, ISSN 1389-1359, E-ISSN 1574-096X, Vol. 22, p. 107-124Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Against the background of a significant number of compliance mechanisms that the law of armed conflict (LoAC) provides for, on the one hand, and the fact that violations remain a pervasive feature of contemporary armed conflict, on the other, the present chapter examines five distinct compliance-related clusters. It begins by a reminder of the various existent compliance mechanisms and a plea for an honest, inter-disciplinary stocktaking of their efficacy. This is followed by another plea, namely for contextualizing compliance and compliance mechanisms and for moderating the expectations as to what they can achieve as counterweights to the myriad of factors that are prevalent in armed conflicts and that cause violations of the LoAC. The chapter then proceeds with addressing three particular trends that pose particular challenges in relation to compliance: the prevalence of non-international armed conflicts; that the current discourse about compliance is dominated by a culture of repression rather than prevention; and that compliance is increasingly individualized at the expense of addressing the collective nature of the violence inherent in armed conflict as the context in which violations occur.

  • 29.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), International Law Centre.
    Article 28: Retained Personnel2016In: Commentary on the First Geneva Convention: Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field / [ed] International Committee of the Red Cross, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016, p. 764-785Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 30.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Centre for International and Operational Law.
    Article 33: Rights and privileges of retained personnel2021In: ICRC Commentary on Geneva Convention III relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War / [ed] ICRC, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2021, p. 840-840Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 31.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Centre for International and Operational Law.
    Attacks against works or installations containing dangerous forces2018In: The Companion to International Humanitarian Law / [ed] Niccolò Pons & Drazan Djukić, Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2018, p. 205-207Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 32.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), International Law Centre.
    Current Challenges in the Legal Regulation of the Means of Warfare2010In: Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium: Technological Challenges for the Humanitarian Legal Framework, Bruges, Belgien: College of Europe , 2010, p. 13-20Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 33.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), International Law Centre.
    Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law: General Issues2015In: The Handbook of the International Law of Military Operations / [ed] Terry Gill and Dieter Fleck, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, 2, p. 35-62Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 34.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Centre for International and Operational Law.
    Human Rights in Armed Conflicts2021In: The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law / [ed] Dieter Fleck, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021, 4th, p. 449-457Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 35.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Centre for International and Operational Law.
    Military Collaterals and Ius In Bello Proportionality2018In: Israel Yearbook on Human Rights / [ed] Yoram Dinstein, Brill Academic Publishers, 2018, Vol. 48, p. 43-61Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 36.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), International Law Centre.
    Operational Detention and the Treatment of Detainees2015In: The Handbook of the International Law of Military Operations / [ed] Terry Gill and Dieter Fleck, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, 2, p. 518-532Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 37.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Centre for International and Operational Law.
    Protection of the Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked2021In: The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law / [ed] Dieter Fleck, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021, 4th, p. 360-395Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 38.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Centre for International and Operational Law.
    Scope of Application of Humanitarian Law2021In: The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law / [ed] Dieter Fleck, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021, 4th, p. 50-80Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 39.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), International Law Centre.
    Sources of the Law of Armed Conflict2016In: Routledge Handbook of the Law of Armed Conflict / [ed] Rain Liivoja, Tim McCormack, London / New York: Routledge, 2016, p. 71-88Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 40.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Centre for International and Operational Law.
    Superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering2018In: The Companion to International Humanitarian Law / [ed] Niccolò Pons & Drazan Djukić, Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2018, p. 669-672Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 41.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Strategiavdelningen med folkrättscentrum (upphört).
    The Applicability of the Law of Armed Conflict and Human Rights Law to Organised Armed Groups2014In: Convergence and Conflicts of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in Military Operations / [ed] Erika de Wet, Jann K. Kleffner, Pretoria: Pretoria University Law Press (PULP) , 2014, p. 49-64Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 42.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), International Law Centre.
    The Beneficiaries of the Rights Stemming from Common Article 32015In: The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary / [ed] Andrew Clapham, Paola Gaeta, Marco Sassoli (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 433-447Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 43.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), International Law Centre.
    The Conduct of Hostilities and International Humanitarian Law – Challenges of 21st Century Warfare2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The International Law Association Study Group on the Conduct of Hostilities in the 21st Century was established in 2011 and held its first meeting in 2012. The Study Group has explored numerous issues arising from the relationship between international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law in the conduct of military operations, technological challenges posed by new weapons systems, and the basic principles of IHL in the conduct of hostilities. In 2015, the Study Group established three working groups focusing on core issues within IHL in relation to the conduct of hostilities in modern warfare. These working group topics were military objectives, the principle of proportionality, and precautions in attacks. Each of these working group reports contributed to this final report, which the Study Group presented at the 77th International Law Association Conference in Johannesburg, South Africa on August 7–11, 2016.

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  • 44.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Centre for International and Operational Law.
    The Legal Fog of an Illusion: Three Reflections on “Organization” and “Intensity” as Criteria for the Temporal Scope of the Law of Non-International Armed Conflict2019In: International Law Studies, ISSN 2375-2831, Vol. 95, p. 161-178Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The "organization" of the non-State armed group and the "intensity" of the violence between it and its opponent(s) have emerged as the two key criteria to determine the temporal scope of the law of non-international armed conflict. These criteria have served to lift the fog of law in some important respects. Yet, several aspects of the temporal scope of the law of non-international armed conflict remain unsettled. This article addresses three of them, namely the assertion that the factors for ascertaining organization and intensity that have evolved in the jurisprudence of international criminal courts and tribunals are indicative rather than determinative, to whom the criterion of organization is to be applied, and whether the requisite level of intensity of armed violence can be cumulative when multiple organized armed groups are pitted against each other and government forces even though the armed violence that arises in the bilateral relations between two opposing parties does not reach the requisite level of intensity.

  • 45.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), International Law Centre.
    The protection of humanitarian personnel in IAC/NIAC: the law and current challenges2016In: The Distinction between International and Non-International Armed Conflicts: Challenges for IHL?: 38th Round Table on Current Issues of International Humanitarian Law (Sanremo, 3rd-5th September 2015) / [ed] Marchand, Carl & Beruto, Gian Luca, Milano: FrancoAngeli , 2016, p. 200-206Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 46.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Political Science and Law, Centre for International and Operational Law.
    The unilateralization of international humanitarian law2022In: International Review of the Red Cross, ISSN 1816-3831, E-ISSN 1607-5889, Vol. 104, no 920-921, p. 2153-2169Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Traditionally, international humanitarian law (IHL) is conceptualized as a body of mutually binding, horizontal international legal rules that are agreed upon by States and that govern the relationships between parties to armed conflicts. Yet, there is discernible evidence that contemporary IHL – and the broader normative environment that pertains to the regulation of armed conflicts in which it is situated – is incorporating elements of unilateralization, manifested in legal and non-legal norms that regulate armed conflicts taking the form of commitments whose validity is not dependent on being reciprocated. This article examines some of the systemic implications of unilateralization of IHL and considers its pitfalls and potential.

  • 47.
    Kleffner, Jann
    Swedish Defence University, Department of Political Science and Law, Centre for International and Operational Law.
    UKRAINE SYMPOSIUM – UKRAINE’S LEVÉE EN MASSE AND THE OBLIGATION TO ENSURE RESPECT FOR LOAC2022In: Articles of WarArticle in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 48.
    Kleffner, Jann K.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Strategiavdelningen med folkrättscentrum.
    Friend or Foe? On the Protective Reach of the Law of Armed Conflict2013In: Armed Conflict and International Law: In Search of the Human Face / [ed] Marielle Matthee, Brigit Toebes och Marcel Brus, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2013, p. 285-302Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 49.
    Kleffner, Jann K.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Strategiavdelningen med folkrättscentrum.
    Protection of the Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked2013In: The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law / [ed] Dieter Fleck, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, 3, p. 321-358Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 50.
    Kleffner, Jann K.
    Swedish National Defence College, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership (ISSL), Strategiavdelningen med folkrättscentrum.
    Scope of Application of Humanitarian Law2013In: The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law / [ed] Dieter Fleck (ed),, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, 3, p. 43-78Chapter in book (Refereed)
12 1 - 50 of 73
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