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Implementing Military Doctrine
Swedish Defence University, Department of War Studies, Joint Warfare Division.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3995-0885
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis is about the relationship between written doctrine and the behaviour of armed forces. To the optimist, it might seem obvious that militaries behave in accordance with their doctrine – the authoritative nature of doctrine and obedient character of militaries suggest that what is prescribed in text should also be reflected in how the organisation operates. But to the sceptic, doctrine is doomed to be hopelessly out of touch with the realities of war and is likely to have limited, if any, impact on military behaviour. What is puzzling is that despite these binary and contrasting views there is variation in how doctrine is implemented, but previous research lacks both theory and empirics with which to explain such variation. This thesis is guided by the research problem of what is the relationship between doctrine and military behaviour? This is divided into three research questions: how is doctrine implemented, why does doctrinal implementation vary and what effects does varied implementation have on the utility of doctrine? These questions are addressed through four original essays and my primary contribution is a theoretical framework with three core components. I define doctrinal implementation and provide a typology of outcomes. I develop theory on doctrinal reluctance and four explanations as to why implementation varies. I discuss how varied implementation affects the utility of doctrine and identify a novel utility in the use of doctrine as a tool of debate. Beyond the theoretical framework, I also make an empirical contribution with novel data collected through interviews in the Norwegian and Swedish defence establishments. Taken together, this thesis further unpacks the relationship between doctrine and military behaviour, contributing to our understanding of the strategic functions of doctrine as a force multiplier, means of control and as a component in military transformation.    

Abstract [sv]

Avhandlingen undersöker förhållandet mellan skrivna doktriner och militär praktik. För optimisten kan det verka självklart att försvarsmakter agerar i enlighet med sin doktrin – doktriners auktoritativa natur och hierarkin i militära organisationer antyder att vad som är skrivet även borde utföras. Men för skeptikern är det mer sannolikt att doktrinen uppfattas som hopplöst frånkopplad från krigets verklighet och har begränsad, om ens någon inverkan. Trots dessa kontrasterande synsätt på doktrin finns det stor variation i hur doktriner har implementerats historiskt, men tidigare forskning saknar både teori och empiri för att förklara denna variation. Den här sammanläggningsavhandlingen är strukturerad utifrån forskningsproblemet vad är förhållandet mellan doktrin och militär praktik? Problemet är indelat i tre forskningsfrågor: hur implementeras doktrin, varför varierar doktrinär implementering och vilka effekter har varierad implementering på doktriners användbarhet? Dessa forskningsfrågor behandlas i fyra vetenskapliga artiklar och mitt huvudsakliga bidrag är ett teoretiskt ramverk med tre huvudkomponenter. För det första definierar jag doktrinimplementering och presenterar en typologi med möjliga utfall. För det andra utvecklar jag teori bestående av fyra förklaringar till varför implementering varierar. För det tredje diskuterar jag hur varierad implementering påverkar doktriners användbarhet och identifierar ett nytt användningsområde för doktriner som verktyg för debatt. Utöver det teoretiska ramverket bidrar jag också empiriskt med nya data insamlad genom intervjuer inom det norska och svenska försvaret. Sammantaget bidrar avhandlingen till en djupare förståelse om förhållandet mellan doktrin och militär praktik och därmed vår kunskap om vilken roll doktrin spelar som en styrkemultiplikator, ett medel för kontroll, samt som komponent i militär förändring.    

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Försvarshögskolan (FHS), 2025.
Series
Swedish Defence University Thesis Series, ISSN 2004-6871 ; 2, 2025
Keywords [en]
: Military doctrine, implementation, military power, military transformation, war studies, policy implementation.
Keywords [sv]
Militära doktriner, implementering, militärmakt, militär transformation, krigsvetenskap, policyimplementering
National Category
War, Crisis, and Security Studies
Research subject
War Studies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-13626DOI: 10.62061/kona8013ISBN: 978-91-88975-54-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:fhs-13626DiVA, id: diva2:1953954
Public defence
2025-05-23, Sverigesalen, Drottning Kristinas väg 37, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-04-23 Created: 2025-04-23 Last updated: 2025-04-23Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Beyond the Manual: Doctrine’s Role in Military Transformation Reconsidered
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Beyond the Manual: Doctrine’s Role in Military Transformation Reconsidered
(English)In: Article in journal (Refereed) Submitted
Abstract [en]

Doctrine can serve as a mechanism in military transformation by articulating objectives for change. However, how and under which conditions this occurs is contested. This study examines how doctrine functions as a tool of change in a case study on the Royal Norwegian Air Force 1999-2011 in a theory-testing process-tracing design. Following its perceived irrelevance during Operation Allied Force in 1999, the Norwegian Air Force shifted from a defensive to an offensive posture, culminating in extensive bombings during Operation Unified Protector in 2011. Yet, Norway did not use doctrine as a tool of change despite having the theorized pre-conditions for doing so due to a tradition of writing descriptive, rather than prescriptive doctrine. While not having direct effect, doctrine did however serve as a platform for internal debate, influencing changes in force employment, organization and equipment indirectly. These findings challenge conventional assumptions about doctrine as a driver of military change, highlighting its indirect role in shaping military discourse and institutional adaptation. The study contributes to the study of international security by demonstrating that the direct impact of doctrine on military transformation is contingent on organizational culture and doctrinal traditions. 

Keywords
Military Doctrine; Military Transformation; Military Effectiveness; Airpower; Royal Norwegian Air Force; Change.
National Category
War, Crisis, and Security Studies
Research subject
War Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-13625 (URN)
Available from: 2025-04-23 Created: 2025-04-23 Last updated: 2025-04-23
2. Aligning tactics with strategy: Vertical implementation of military doctrine
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Aligning tactics with strategy: Vertical implementation of military doctrine
2024 (English)In: Journal of Strategic Studies, ISSN 0140-2390, E-ISSN 1743-937X, Vol. 47, no 4, p. 451-473Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Why do armed forces sometimes write doctrines that are inconsistent across the strategic, operational, and tactical levels of war? Using interviews to uncover how the Swedish Armed Forces implemented their 2016 military strategic doctrine, this study develops a theoretical concept of vertical implementation and explores why and under what conditions it varies. The findings suggest a tendency of lower levels to ignore superordinate doctrine; however, formal processes, actor attitudes, and doctrinal content seem to affect vertical implementation.

Keywords
Military doctrine, vertical implementation, formal processes, actor attitudes, doctrinal content
National Category
Political Science (excluding Public Administration Studies and Globalisation Studies)
Research subject
War Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-12063 (URN)10.1080/01402390.2023.2284632 (DOI)
Available from: 2024-01-02 Created: 2024-01-02 Last updated: 2025-04-23Bibliographically approved
3. Conceptualizing doctrinal rejection: a comparison between Active Defense and Airland Battle
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Conceptualizing doctrinal rejection: a comparison between Active Defense and Airland Battle
2023 (English)In: Defence Studies, ISSN 1470-2436, E-ISSN 1743-9698, Vol. 23, no 2, p. 274-291Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Doctrines are considered a key component of military power, shaping the ways in which armed forces organize and operate. This study critically examines the assumption that armed forces can change their practices by writing formal doctrine. The study addresses the research problem of why some formal doctrines are implemented and others are rejected. It does so by developing and testing a novel theoretical framework on doctrinal implementation through a comparative case study on rejection of the US Army 1976 Active Defense doctrine and successful implementation of the 1982 AirLand Battle doctrine. The study shows that contrary to popular beliefs, the actual concepts within a formal doctrine do not seem crucial for whether it is implemented or rejected. Rather, cultural coherence and inclusive creation seem crucial in this regard.

Keywords
Military doctrine; implementation; AirLand Battle; Active Defense; US Army, Försvar, Doktrin, US Army
National Category
Political Science (excluding Public Administration Studies and Globalisation Studies)
Research subject
War Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-11262 (URN)10.1080/14702436.2022.2132232 (DOI)
Available from: 2023-01-09 Created: 2023-01-09 Last updated: 2025-04-23Bibliographically approved
4. Implementing military doctrine: A theoretical model
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Implementing military doctrine: A theoretical model
2021 (English)In: Comparative Strategy, ISSN 0149-5933, E-ISSN 1521-0448, Vol. 40, no 3, p. 305-314Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Ideally, military doctrines are not just written; they are implemented. However, there exists a theory gap on why new doctrines are sometimes successfully implemented and other times not. Based on ideas presented in previous research, this study develops a theoretical model for under what conditions new formal doctrines are most likely to be implemented. The model suggests that cultural coherence, authority and credibility are decisive for the implementation of new doctrine.

National Category
Political Science (excluding Public Administration Studies and Globalisation Studies)
Research subject
Krigsvetenskap
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-10280 (URN)10.1080/01495933.2021.1912514 (DOI)
Available from: 2021-09-07 Created: 2021-09-07 Last updated: 2025-04-23Bibliographically approved

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