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Beyond the Manual: Doctrine’s Role in Military Transformation Reconsidered
Swedish Defence University, Department of War Studies, Joint Warfare Division.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3995-0885
(English)In: Article in journal (Refereed) Submitted
Abstract [en]

Doctrine can serve as a mechanism in military transformation by articulating objectives for change. However, how and under which conditions this occurs is contested. This study examines how doctrine functions as a tool of change in a case study on the Royal Norwegian Air Force 1999-2011 in a theory-testing process-tracing design. Following its perceived irrelevance during Operation Allied Force in 1999, the Norwegian Air Force shifted from a defensive to an offensive posture, culminating in extensive bombings during Operation Unified Protector in 2011. Yet, Norway did not use doctrine as a tool of change despite having the theorized pre-conditions for doing so due to a tradition of writing descriptive, rather than prescriptive doctrine. While not having direct effect, doctrine did however serve as a platform for internal debate, influencing changes in force employment, organization and equipment indirectly. These findings challenge conventional assumptions about doctrine as a driver of military change, highlighting its indirect role in shaping military discourse and institutional adaptation. The study contributes to the study of international security by demonstrating that the direct impact of doctrine on military transformation is contingent on organizational culture and doctrinal traditions. 

Keywords [en]
Military Doctrine; Military Transformation; Military Effectiveness; Airpower; Royal Norwegian Air Force; Change.
National Category
War, Crisis, and Security Studies
Research subject
War Studies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-13625OAI: oai:DiVA.org:fhs-13625DiVA, id: diva2:1953934
Available from: 2025-04-23 Created: 2025-04-23 Last updated: 2025-04-23
In thesis
1. Implementing Military Doctrine
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Implementing Military Doctrine
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis is about the relationship between written doctrine and the behaviour of armed forces. To the optimist, it might seem obvious that militaries behave in accordance with their doctrine – the authoritative nature of doctrine and obedient character of militaries suggest that what is prescribed in text should also be reflected in how the organisation operates. But to the sceptic, doctrine is doomed to be hopelessly out of touch with the realities of war and is likely to have limited, if any, impact on military behaviour. What is puzzling is that despite these binary and contrasting views there is variation in how doctrine is implemented, but previous research lacks both theory and empirics with which to explain such variation. This thesis is guided by the research problem of what is the relationship between doctrine and military behaviour? This is divided into three research questions: how is doctrine implemented, why does doctrinal implementation vary and what effects does varied implementation have on the utility of doctrine? These questions are addressed through four original essays and my primary contribution is a theoretical framework with three core components. I define doctrinal implementation and provide a typology of outcomes. I develop theory on doctrinal reluctance and four explanations as to why implementation varies. I discuss how varied implementation affects the utility of doctrine and identify a novel utility in the use of doctrine as a tool of debate. Beyond the theoretical framework, I also make an empirical contribution with novel data collected through interviews in the Norwegian and Swedish defence establishments. Taken together, this thesis further unpacks the relationship between doctrine and military behaviour, contributing to our understanding of the strategic functions of doctrine as a force multiplier, means of control and as a component in military transformation.    

Abstract [sv]

Avhandlingen undersöker förhållandet mellan skrivna doktriner och militär praktik. För optimisten kan det verka självklart att försvarsmakter agerar i enlighet med sin doktrin – doktriners auktoritativa natur och hierarkin i militära organisationer antyder att vad som är skrivet även borde utföras. Men för skeptikern är det mer sannolikt att doktrinen uppfattas som hopplöst frånkopplad från krigets verklighet och har begränsad, om ens någon inverkan. Trots dessa kontrasterande synsätt på doktrin finns det stor variation i hur doktriner har implementerats historiskt, men tidigare forskning saknar både teori och empiri för att förklara denna variation. Den här sammanläggningsavhandlingen är strukturerad utifrån forskningsproblemet vad är förhållandet mellan doktrin och militär praktik? Problemet är indelat i tre forskningsfrågor: hur implementeras doktrin, varför varierar doktrinär implementering och vilka effekter har varierad implementering på doktriners användbarhet? Dessa forskningsfrågor behandlas i fyra vetenskapliga artiklar och mitt huvudsakliga bidrag är ett teoretiskt ramverk med tre huvudkomponenter. För det första definierar jag doktrinimplementering och presenterar en typologi med möjliga utfall. För det andra utvecklar jag teori bestående av fyra förklaringar till varför implementering varierar. För det tredje diskuterar jag hur varierad implementering påverkar doktriners användbarhet och identifierar ett nytt användningsområde för doktriner som verktyg för debatt. Utöver det teoretiska ramverket bidrar jag också empiriskt med nya data insamlad genom intervjuer inom det norska och svenska försvaret. Sammantaget bidrar avhandlingen till en djupare förståelse om förhållandet mellan doktrin och militär praktik och därmed vår kunskap om vilken roll doktrin spelar som en styrkemultiplikator, ett medel för kontroll, samt som komponent i militär förändring.    

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Försvarshögskolan (FHS), 2025
Series
Swedish Defence University Thesis Series, ISSN 2004-6871 ; 2, 2025
Keywords
: Military doctrine, implementation, military power, military transformation, war studies, policy implementation., Militära doktriner, implementering, militärmakt, militär transformation, krigsvetenskap, policyimplementering
National Category
War, Crisis, and Security Studies
Research subject
War Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-13626 (URN)10.62061/kona8013 (DOI)978-91-88975-54-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-05-23, Sverigesalen, Drottning Kristinas väg 37, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-04-23 Created: 2025-04-23 Last updated: 2025-04-23Bibliographically approved

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