Logo: to the web site of the Swedish Defence University

Russian warfare is one of the most currently debated topics between military experts. Some define it as something wholly new and name it hybrid warfare. Others say that hybrid warfare is nothing but an old method brought back to life. Some experts also argue that any nation at war will use any method to win, regardless of being a defender or aggressor. One thing, however, binds these experts together—the will to understand Russian warfare. 

Hybrid warfare uses both state and non-state actors together to achieve a common goal. Because of mixing these actors, it becomes hard to define further. Because of that, experts still struggle to understand Russian warfare and the use of hybrid warfare. Thus allowing Russia to continue to act within the grey area between a state of neither peace nor war. 

By analysing Russia’s intervention in the ongoing conflict in Syria with Lewickis military and non-military dimensions. This study shows that Russian warfare and its actions in Syria are based more on international reputation. When there is a risk for tarnished reputation, they act through non-state actors. When there is a chance for improved reputation, they act through state actors. This study also shows that there are fundamental differences in what Russia does officially and unofficially, which is also based on international reputation.