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When soldiers and traffickers clash: explaining violence against the state during Operation São Francisco
Uppsala University, (SWE).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2544-8683
Brazilian Naval War College, (BRA).
2017 (English)In: Revista da Escola Superior de Guerra, ISSN 0102-1788, Vol. 32, no 66, p. 56-75Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

One of the most disruptive forms of drug-related violence is the cartel-state conflicts. In affected places, such as Mexico, Colombia and the city of Rio de Janeiro, the number of cartel-related homicides surpasses battle-related deaths in many civil wars. However, cartel–state conflicts are arguably the rarest form of drug-related violence. Criminals have strong incentives not to confront state officials, given that such clashes can lead to more state repression. To some extent, this pattern has been seen in recent military interventions in law enforcement operations in Brazil. However, during Operation São Francisco, carried out in Rio de Janeiro, the military faced abnormal levels of violence, leading to the first death of a soldier since the implementation of the so-called “pacification” strategy. This paper aims to explain why the criminals chose to resist and deliberately attack the pacification force, based on two cartel-state conflict theories. Whereas the first theory suggests that criminals are more likely to resort to violence against the state in order to protect their turf, given that they operate in profitable and competitive markets; the second posits that cartels engage in confrontations with the state to signal resolve and military capacity to rival gangs. The theories are assessed based on primary and secondary sources, including reports from the military and non-governmental organisations, interviews and a comprehensive literature review. Finally, the different levels of violence displayed by the rivalling criminal groups during Operation São Francisco are explained in light of the proposed theories. The article concludes that the theories are complementary in explaining the resort to violence against the state.

Abstract [pt]

Uma das mais disruptivas formas de violência relacionada a drogas são os conflitos entre cartel e Estado. Em regiões afetadas, como México, Colômbia e a cidade do Rio de Janeiro, o número de homicídios atribuídos a cartéis supera as mortes em muitas guerras civis. Entretanto, conflitos entre cartel e Estado são a forma mais rara de violência relacionada a drogas. Criminosos têm fortes incentivos para não enfrentar agentes do Estado, uma vez que isso acabaria levando a uma maior repressão estatal. Até certo ponto, esse padrão foi observado nas recentes intervenções militares em operações de garantia da lei e da ordem no Brasil. Durante a Operação São Francisco, no entanto, os militares enfrentaram níveis incomuns de violência, levando à primeira morte de um soldado desde a implementação da chamada estratégia de “pacificação”. Este artigo pretende explicar por que os criminosos optaram por resistir e atacar deliberadamente a força de pacificação, com base em duas teorias sobre conflitos entre cartel e Estado. Enquanto a primeira teoria sugere que os criminosos são mais propensos a recorrer à violência contra o Estado a fim de proteger seu território, dado que operam em mercados lucrativos e competitivos; a segunda teoria postula que cartéis se envolvem em enfrentamentos com o Estado para sinalizar resolução e capacidade militar para grupos rivais. As teorias são avaliadas com base em fontes primárias e secundárias, incluindo relatórios militares e de organizações não governamentais, entrevistas e revisão da literatura. Finalmente, os diferentes níveis de violência exibidos pelos grupos rivais durante a Operação São Francisco são explicados à luz das teorias propostas. O artigo conclui que as teorias são complementares ao explicar a violência contra o Estado.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2017. Vol. 32, no 66, p. 56-75
Keywords [en]
Law Enforcement, Military Intervention, drug-related violence, cartel-state conflict
Keywords [pt]
Violência relacionada às drogas, Conflito entre cartel-Estado, Intervenção militar
National Category
Political Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9623DOI: 10.21826/01021788326602OAI: oai:DiVA.org:fhs-9623DiVA, id: diva2:1520856
Available from: 2021-01-21 Created: 2021-01-21 Last updated: 2022-12-15Bibliographically approved

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Siniciato Terra Garbino, Henrique
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